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. 11 . . research, a national mood to look at revitalizing our cities and restoring the environment, and the concomitant emergence of the systems approach and essential computer hardware and software. The leadership in urban water resources during the early years can be traced to the ASCE Urban Water Re- sources Research Council headed by M.B. McPherson. McPherson et al. (1968) point out that: " \ "A single aspect research approach is totally inadequate and, indeed, is entirely inappropriate, for resolving multi-aspect problems. The former simplistic approach of regarding a unit of water as a fixed entity, such as storm water, must be abandoned for that same unit at a different point in time will be categorized as water supply, recreation, esthetics, etc., per- haps several times before leaving a given metropolis". The AseE research group defined urban water resources to consist of: a. urban water uses including water supply, recreation, and hydropower; b. flood protection by structural and non-structural means; c. manipulation of urban water for groundwater recharge and/or recycling; d. pollution abatement for dry and wet-weather flows; and e. interfacial public services including street sweeping.and air pollution control. The 1970 decade was the period of most rapid advances in urban water resources research and model development particularly in the area of urban stormwater quantity and quality management (Heaney 1986). Through its Storm and Combined Sewer Program, EPA sponsored $60-70 million in research, tech- nology transfer and demonstration projects. Virtually, all of the current innovations in the field can be traced to this program. Concurrently, EPA sponsored $250 million in areawide wastewater management studies in virtually all metropolitan areas in the United States. The $30 million Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) funded 28 studies across the country during 1979- 1983 with heavy emphasis on data collection (U.S. EPA 1983). The $100 mil- lion of EPA sponsored research in urban stormwater was designed to provide more cost-effective decision making for an expected national investment which is now estimated to be about $40 billion. Thus, the percentage investment in R&D for this activity is about 0.25 %. As a general guideline, a reasonable investment in R&D for newer technologies is 1 to 5% (Kim et al. 1993). Thus, the R&D investment in urban stormwater quality management was on the low side even during this period. HEC was founded in 1964 (Feldman 1981) to link the basic research of academics and the practical needs of the Corps field offices. HEC developed many of the models for the Corps of Engineers Urban Studies Program which existed in the 1970's at the same that EPA's 208 Areawide Planning Program was active. The purpose of the Corps' Urban Studies Program was to provide an "integrated approach to water resources management." These studies were conducted in numerous cities around the United States. As expected, there were concerns regarding the extent to which the Corps should deal with water quality issues that could alternatively be handled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In stark contrast to the excitement and innovations of the 1960's and 1970's, drastic cuts were made in the early 1980's in funding of all aspects of urban water systems. The EPA research programs and the Corps Urban Stud- ies initiative ended. The Office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT) was eliminated in 1982 and the remnants of the program were transferred to the 3