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<br />196.l
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<br />001898
<br />
<br />consideration of bills relating to the ceu.
<br />trol Artt.Ona project "until such time as
<br />use of the water 1n the lower Colorado
<br />River Basin is either adjudicated Of
<br />bindlng or mutuoJ. agreement as to the
<br />use of water 15 reached by the States of
<br />the lower Colorado River Ba.sln."
<br />Again. the special m&stcr of the Bu.
<br />pN'me Court ot the United States In his
<br />n>port to the Court on Ute case found:
<br />Its (A~n<l v. ClIJ/f()nlUl) determination
<br />win Inevitably lla\'e a proround eD'ect upon
<br />a grPll.t and. rapidly dlU'eloplng l.enltory.
<br />conelderably wger In llJ'ea and population
<br />than many natl.ooa. and eont&tnlng pollU-
<br />eaJ aubd.Jvlalollll therein lIIl dlvel'R and dls-
<br />tont &II Phoenix a.nd t...o. AngelH OJ' Lu
<br />Vf'gU lWd the lmpt'rlal Valley.
<br />Mr. President. because of the Im-
<br />portance of this decision, and Its rela-
<br />tion to pending administrative and Jell'lll-
<br />latJve action, I a.U: unanimous COnM'nt
<br />that the text of the majority and minor-
<br />Ity opinions be published in full at thla
<br />point In the REeOap.
<br />There being no objection. the opinions
<br />were ordered to be printed In the REC-
<br />ORD. as tollows:
<br />IProm the Supnme Court at the United
<br />States, Na. 8.. Orlg1na.l, October tenD. 1011:11
<br />STA1"I: or ARIZONA, J'Lt,1NTD'F. 1>. STATE or
<br />C.u.uoRNlA lOT Al..---CO.U"L....INT
<br />(June3,19!5ll)
<br />Mr, J"UllUlle Black delivered. the opinion of
<br />th.. COUrt.
<br />!Il IllS2 the State ot Arl.T,olla h,voked the
<br />orlgllllll Jurl&dlc.tlon or this Cowt. by 11110&"
<br />a compl&lllt agaJ.n.t th.. State ol CnlUornla
<br />and IIC'ven of Ita pubUc "f!:enel.... lM.ter, Ne_
<br />vll.da. New Mexico. Utah. ana the UnJl.ed
<br />States were adaed u parUlIS either volun-
<br />tal"Uy or on motlOIl.' The bAllc collU"ov,,"'y
<br />In the eaae Is over how much water eaeb
<br />Bw.teha.lal..g&l right to U&e aut of th.. watel'll
<br />of the Colorado RIver and Ita trlbutllrllll!l.
<br />Mwr preliminary pl..adlng.. _ referred the
<br />c~ to 08Ol"gO:! !. Haight. Esquire. and upon
<br />h1s d..ath In 1055 to Simon H. Rlfklnd.
<br />Esquire. .. Special Jotaet..r to take e..ld..nee.
<br />find faeta, atate eonelUlI~ or law. and ree.
<br />gmmrnd a dl!Q"ee, all MlI\lbJect to conald~....
<br />"on, re..lf;lon. 01' approval by tbe Court.. M.
<br />ne Muter conducted a bial l..-tlna- from
<br />JUDO' 14. HI53, to Auguat 28. 1958. during
<br />wblch 3to wltDe-.. were beard 01'&11, or b,
<br />depoelUoD, thouaa.nda at exhlblta were re-
<br />ceived lU1d 35;000 pllgeoI 01 WanlIer"Ip1. were
<br />nili'd. Pollowtng tJU\.Dy moUoDS, lU'gumenta
<br />IUld brlets. the Mlo&ter In a 433.page volume
<br />re-poz-toed bla flndlnge. CODclw.l~. and 1"IlC-
<br />
<br />'''The Judlclnl Power ahall utend . . . to
<br />ConlrOVl)J1d..a bet.......n two 01' more 8tatN,
<br />"In all calleS . . . In which a Sta~ lIhaU
<br />be Party, the aupreme Court aball have orig-
<br />Inal JurllldlcUOD." U.s. Const~ Art.. In. 12.
<br />See aIao 38 U.s_C.112511a)(l).
<br />Three Urn.. prevlotaly ArI2ion3 haa llIaU.
<br />tut~ actlolU In uu. Court QDn~IDg the
<br />Colorado RIver. Art.:ollll Y. ColI/omlo. 283
<br />U.s,433 (1931); A"",,1I4 .. Coll/omiG. 2112
<br />U.s. 341 (1934); A~.. Call/or,,14. 398
<br />U.s. S58 (1938/. See atao United store.! ..
<br />Art.:ona.~S.u.s.1741193li).
<br />. Pll.lo Verde IITlpUon Dl./;tr1ct. rmperln1
<br />!rrlgaUon Diatrlct. OOac.heUa Valley County
<br />Wakr DlsU1ct.. M..tropoIltan Watu D1str1(lt
<br />of Southern CalUornla. 'Clty of ~ AngcleIl.
<br />City of San Ol~go, and County ol San Olea:o.
<br />'34-4 u.s. 919 (t953) (lnleJ'V~nUon by
<br />United. States); 3.f07U.s. Il8a (I11M) (Inter.
<br />v~ntlon by Nevll.da); 350 US. 114 (195$)
<br />(Jolnd.... of Utab and N~w UealCO).
<br />'The two orden aJ'e reported at 3U U.s.
<br />966 (19M1, and 3SO 13.6. 812 (1955).
<br />
<br />CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE
<br />
<br />omln<'nded d~. ~lved by th~ Court on
<br />January HI. 1961." '!b~ eaae b.. been eR~n.
<br />.Ively briefed h..... and or&1ly argued twice.
<br />the fln;t time about III houra. Ul..aeoond. OVllT
<br />.11:. M w.. _ thl& cue, the queatlon of ead1
<br />8t4~.. ahlU'~ <Jt tb~ waten at th.. Colorado
<br />a.nd I" tnb1.ltarleII tUrlUl on th~ m~ln8 and
<br />the IICOpfI ol the Boulder Canyon Project
<br />Act paaaccl by ConllT_ tn 11nS." '!bat mes.D_
<br />l.ng and 8COP"' can be better und..ratood .h..n
<br />tbe Act 1& _t .plnat Ita bacJrground--tbe
<br />gra.lty at tb~ 5outhweat'a waur prvble....;
<br />the Inability of I~ groul>ll or Indt.lduaJ
<br />States to d~ 'IIVlth th...., enormoua prob_
<br />leme: the conUnued failure of th~ Staw. to
<br />~ on how to <:(:IDlOllrve and dlvlde the
<br />_tera; and the ultlmnu action by CoDp'~
<br />at the requeat of the Stal.el ~Ung a gn-at
<br />.,..tem of aalnll and public worb naUon&lly
<br />b1.l1lt. contraili'd. and opel'llted fo:r the pur-
<br />poMI of conaervlng and dl&trlbuUng the
<br />water.
<br />The Colorado Rlnr lteelf r'-a In the
<br />mountalne of Colorado and flows geneno.lly
<br />In a 80uthwecterly direction for about 1.300
<br />mllllS through Colorado, Ulah. and Arizona
<br />and along Ihe Arlzom._Ne.ada and Artzona_
<br />CalUomla bounaarl.... after which It r-e-
<br />Into Meslco and ..mpU... tnto the Mexican
<br />waten of the Quit of California. On It. way
<br />to th.. ac;!, It recelVll4 trlbuWy waten from
<br />Wyoming, Colorado. Utah, Nevad... New
<br />Mee:lco, and Arizona. The river and lteI trib-
<br />utaries llow In a naturul buln almOlt .ur_
<br />rounded by large mountain rang... and dra.ln
<br />242.000 aquare mil.... an area about 900 ml,"
<br />101lg from north to south and 300 to 600
<br />mU... wtde frmn eaat to w.t--pn.cUca.lly
<br />lIne--t-welfth the area of the conUnenlal
<br />United StatoN escludlng Ata.et.L Much of
<br />thl&largIl baBln If; 80 arid that It la, ultal.
<br />waYll h&I been. largely d"~ndent upon DUl.n_
<br />acro UM' ol the waw... of the Colorado RIYcr
<br />S,.tem to make It productl.e and Inhnblta_
<br />bl... Tbe M...~ ",fel'll to a.rehM<>log1eal
<br />....Idence that &I long... 2.000 Ylllln ago the
<br />ancient Hoholl:an tribe built and tnalnlalned
<br />lITigation canala near what If; nOW' Phoenix.
<br />ArIzona, and that American Indiana """"'
<br />practicing irrigation In that "'8"loll at the
<br />tllne white men lint esplored It. In the He.
<br />ond balf gt the nlnt'te"nth .,.,.ntUJ'Y a lJf'Oup
<br /><>I people lnten"lllt<'d In California.. Imperial
<br />VaUey conceived plane to dl..." water from
<br />the malnatream of the CoIOJ'&do to give life
<br />and growth to the pan:bed and barren 1011
<br />of that valley. ^" the mOlt feulble rotIte
<br />WlI& througb Meslco. a U..SIe&D QOrpOraUon
<br />was formed and a canal dug parUyln Mmeo
<br />nnd plU'tly In the United Statee, OUftcuJUea
<br />wblch IU"CIS<!- becaWIII the c:nnal w..... aUbJect to
<br />the IOftrelgnty of both countrl.. generated
<br />hopellD. thl& QDuotry that eome dllY tbere
<br />would be a canal wbolly _Ithln the tlnlted
<br />5th-tee. an aU-AmIlrjgLn can.al.'
<br />Dw1ng the latter put ol the nlnet.ee-nth
<br />and the tint part of the tw..ntletb ~nlurles.
<br />people In the Southweat conUnued to _ell;
<br />new -y* to PtiJ<fy theIr water nHdJl. _blch
<br />by that time ..ere tnerc&8ln& rapidly u new
<br />setUers moved Into tNa fut-dev..loplng re_
<br />gion. But none ol the more 01' Illl!I8 primi-
<br />tive d.!..endona made from the malDlltrea.m
<br />of Ihe COlorado <:oneen'ed enough wawr 10
<br />meet the growing needa of th~ buln. '!be
<br />natuTal llow 01 the CoIOJ'1l4o 1Ii"&I too crrauc.
<br />the rlver at many placee In caDJOtl..I too de'llp.
<br />and. the e~neer1ng and eQODomlc hurdles
<br />too rrcat for amall f&l'tnen. luger groupe. or
<br />even StatM to buJld atorage dame. COtUltruc:t
<br />
<br />"U4 U.s. HO (l1lGl).
<br />. Boulder Canyon Protect Act.. 4.5 Stat. 1057
<br />(111281.43 U.8.C. IIG17---l117t (1958).
<br />'''[The AIl-Arnf'rtean Ca.nall wIll..nd an In_
<br />tol..rable attua.Uon. under which the Imperial
<br />Valley now aecurl'8 II.. 8010' wat..r aupply from
<br />a eanaI running for m.any mllllS through
<br />Uulco," S, !Up. No. 692. 70th Cong., lit
<br />Sela..8(19:!8),
<br />
<br />9115
<br />
<br />eann~. a!1d. lnetall th~ ~lr....n&lve wora n..c_
<br />-'"y for a dlt'pendable year_ronnd ....U>r
<br />auppJy. Nor were drought.s the basin" only
<br />problem; .prtD.8" Goode due to melUng m"",'a
<br />aDd "'l\lIionBl atonna ..ere a recurring menae.e,
<br />I!Ilpeelally dlaMtroua In California'. imperial
<br />Vall..y ..here, e"'n after the Mnlean ennal
<br />provided a more d..pendabl.. "..at..r .upply.
<br />the thr.....t of flood remained at l....at fLI..,rt.
<br />QUI _ before. Anoth..r tJ'Oubl....me probl..m
<br />.... tbe el'Olllon of land aDd th.. depoelt of
<br />allt whlcb foul..d ....at..ra. choked irrigation
<br />worb. ..nd damaged good rum land and
<br />=,..
<br />It la not aurprlalnl( that the prea&1ng n.._
<br />c:....Uy to ua.ruronn the erratic and otten
<br />d~fitn1ctlV" llow of th.. CoIOl'lLdo RI....r Into
<br />a controlled and d..pendable water .upply
<br />d...perately needed In .ao many 8tatM began
<br />\0 be l.aUted about and recognized _ far
<br />more tban a purely I~ probl~m ..hlch
<br />could be .aolved on a farmcr.by.fltJ'IDer.
<br />group-by_group. or ev~n fitate-by-.tate bu.l.a.
<br />desirable _ thlf; kind of aolutJon mlgbt bave
<br />been. 'nl.c Inadequacy of a local 8OIutton
<br />w.... recognized In the Report of the All-
<br />American Canal Board ol the United St..tea
<br />Department of interior On July 23. 1919.
<br />whleb detaUed the wld_pread oonellt.l thll.t
<br />eould be upected from eonatrucUon by the
<br />Unltfll Btatel of a large reacrvolr o.n tbe
<br />malnatrell.ZD of the Colora.do and an au.
<br />American canal to the Imperial Vatley.'
<br />Som. month. later, May Ill. 1930, Congn'A
<br />paaaccl an Ac:t otrued by Congreaman Kln_
<br />kAld of NebrllliJu. directing the Secretary of
<br />th~ Interlor \0 mall.. n fitudy Iln(\ re~ of
<br />d.!v....loD.l whleh might be mllde from the
<br />Colorado Rlv~r for Irrigation In t.he ImP"flal
<br />Valley." The Pall_Da..1a Report." fiubmJtted
<br />to Congrllfa In compliance wtth the KJnka1d
<br />Act, began by dec1arln8 lbat "the <:(:In1l"01 <Jt
<br />the 1I0CK10t and de..elopment of the r....urees
<br />of the Colorado River are peculiarly DIOtlonal
<br />prob1e-ma . . ." II and UU'tl. 9rent on to give
<br />rea&ODI why tb.J.e W&lIlO, concluding ",'Ith the
<br />atal..ment that the )ab ..... eo big t.hDt 01"1,
<br />the F'ederal Government could do It." Quite
<br />DlOturall,. then-fore. tbe Ikport recommend-
<br />ed that the United Stat... conetruct u a go.._
<br />ernment project not only an 101I.Amerlcan
<br />CRnal from the OoIorado RIver to the Im~
<br />....rlal Vall..y but 1.Il1o a dam and reserYolr
<br />at or near Boulder Canyon."
<br />The prospect that the tlnlted States would
<br />un<1en.ake to buJld ... a naUonal project the
<br />neoesaar, ..orks to control nooa. a.nd.~
<br />river waura for Imgatlon "'11.8 appll.r'ent1y ..
<br />w..l<:<:lnle OIle for the basin Statft. But It
<br />brought 10 lit.. strong tennin the nnrtbll'rD
<br />buin States that addl"ollAI waters made
<br />available by the lltonge and canal proJecta
<br />might be gobbled up In peJ't>ll'tUlty by tllSt<"r
<br />s:ro-tn& 1ll'W..r baaln 1U"lIaS, plU"UcullU'ly Call.
<br />fon11&. before the upper StalM QDuld app~
<br />prlnte wbat the, believed to be thel.t fair
<br />ahare. Tb_ fe","" 'l'erll not without fOUD-
<br />daUon, alDeo the law of priOr approprla.Uon
<br />
<br />!
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<br />I
<br />
<br />. Oepa.rtment of Inl.erlor, n.,pon of the AlI-
<br />Amtrlcan Canal Board 111l19j. 23-33. The
<br />three rnelrlb<>rs of the Board were engmHI'II
<br />wtth long es~rl..nce In W~"'wtJ:1 Wllt.er prob-
<br />1-
<br />'41 Stat. 600 (19:10).
<br />. S. Doe. No. 142. 67th Cong.. 2d s-..
<br />(192:1),
<br />"ld..atl.
<br />"ne",alIOnegl"en~rs:
<br />"I. Tbe Colorado Wnor 1& InteruaUona1.
<br />"3. Th.. atrea.m and many of Ita trtbuwl...
<br />arelntel'lltate.
<br />"3. It 1& a navigable rl..er.
<br />"'I. Ita ...ten may be made to ...rve large
<br />areaa of public landll naturally deaert 1n
<br />chanocter.
<br />".5. Ita probleme are of lJUch mllllllltud.. aa
<br />to be beyond the rach of other than na--
<br />tJon&\lO.lutton." Ibid.
<br />"ld..at21.
<br />
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