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<br />Fig1J~e 2 il1ustntes the seque"ce or events in a flash flood <br />"'atning at Poud~e Patl<, based on ~ai"hll obsetv..~ions. In "ost ca.ses, <br />tt is e>:pected that th"t" ...ould be a ),1.'5 forec"-st. A p~ealen could be <br />activated at vsrious poi"ts, such as afte~ 0.5 inches of rsin had <br />fallen. It is as""",ed ~hat a ""'as"~e"",nt of heavy rain for 15 minutes <br />would b<! ~equiud to establhh ctedibility of detection. In figu~e 2, <br />anothet 15 Minutes were allowed fat data transllission, inte~p~etatian, <br />and hsuance of a warning -- ..ith 20 ",inutes fo~ diue<ttination af the <br />warning ..ithin Poudn Pa~k. The time "vailable fo~ evacuation is, <br />thus, 55 minutes. This asSUmes an efficie"t wa~ni"g ""d communication <br />system. <br /> <br />.~ <br />.' <br />~~ <br />10 <br />.~ <br /> <br />I <br />, <br />, <br /> <br />.1 <br />1 <br />, <br />I <br />, <br />I <br />, <br /> <br />For flash flood warning using an upatream ala~m gage set at 4,000 <br />c.f.s., the sequence. of eVents 1s displayed in Hgure 3, Inthhcas.., <br />..arning is more deflnite., "0 10 ",inutes wss allo..ed for datatrans",ts- <br />sion and decision 1Il&king and 1511l1nutu fot disse",l"atio" "'Uhin th.. <br />local c01lllllunity, Fo~" nearby stor"" le95 ...aming' tl"", -ts 3val1able <br />using.trealllflowratherthanta1nfallas"..arning1"dicaeor.. <br /> <br />~o <br />-. <br />z, <br /><. <br /><. <br />.- <br /> <br />8 <br />< <br />51" <br />~~g.~ <br />. . < <br />-=,,~ '" <br />.:..z<(" <br />...-11.... <br /><. " <br />::lll'~'; <br /><(QOOIl <br />.8~.< <br />o ~, <br />" < <br />uk. UW <br />_ .., 0'" <br />"'" <(.Jc <br />0< , <br />"!~;j~~ <br />" .0 <br />~~J~~ <br />N <br /> <br />L1v..s have. b<!..n sav..d in flood. ..1th only a few ",1nutu wa~"1ng, <br />Howev"t. th.. evacuation ti=e ~o~ld he .cduced if co~nication. arc <br /> <br />hamp..red. Warnings =, need ",", tssu..d to oth..r areas " <>, '"= <br />tillle. ", ,,- M day ",ould affect ~..adin".s. '"' flood sho.." " 6 <br />p.llI., for """"pIe, could OcCUt aC J p.m, ,. , p.m. <br /> <br />The dissemination task is slso affected by the d1st~ibutio" of <br />population. The mor. dispersed th.. populat1o", ehe OlQfe ..ffon it <br />takes to reach the sa.... number of peojlle. Hit lsassu..edone <br />notificatio" or "'contact"" 10 needed for each COOll'lUnit)', One co"tact fo~ <br />eseh g~oup of t",o o~ ~ore ~esid."e"s, a"d o"e c,,"tact for eac~ isolated <br />~es1de"ee, it would requi~e 24 contacts ",ithin th.. typi~al avaihbl.. <br />time of shout Z hou~. to "'am those in the teaCh from Ru"ti~ do"',,- <br /> <br />, <br />. <br />" <br />o <br />z <br /> <br />.H~..a,"" <br /> <br />This reach includes four co~unttles. sev..n gtoups. seven <br /> <br />o <br />N <br /> <br />('S'~"::>) :;~t;"'H'JSla <br /> <br />o <br /> <br />" <br /> <br /> <br />. <br />i <br />< <br />.z <br /><~ <br />.- <br />.0 <br />I <br /> <br /> <br />o <br />z <br />z' <br />o < <br />- , <br />. <br />.z <br />'0 <br />.. <br />z_ <br /><0 <br /><. <br />co <br /><0 <br />.z <br />0< <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />" <br />v <br />.< <br />o' <br />z <br />z- <br />0< <br />-< <br />c. <br />00 <br />"< <br />.. <br />o. <br /> <br />, <br />o~ <br />:3 <br />v~. <br /><.. <br />~~~ <br />.< <br />~n <br /> <br />z <br />o <br />~ <br />< <br />z <br />, <br />. <br />. <br />o <br /> <br />z <br />o <br />1 <br />~ <br />. <br /> <br />t <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />, <br />.z r <br />'0' <br />~-, <br />~o <br />Q~t: <br /><~~l <br />... <br />,oz <br /> <br />o <br />z <br />. <br />8 <br />v <br />.' <br />o~ <br />, <br />0< <br />'0 <br />" <br />z- <br />_z <br />lil!:! <br />.. <br />-1 <br /> <br />. <br />o <br />v <br />. <br />.' <br />0< <br />. <br />" <br />o. <br />~o <br /><. <br />~~ <br />-. <br />.. <br />Zo <br />oz <br />0_ <br /> <br /> <br />< <br />. <br />> <br />..J~::l'" <br /><(ct..JlI: <br />;::",00 <br />Z..J>i:; <br />!lJ<(Jlw <br />5~~"'-'- <br />a.a.....:!l I <br /> <br />. <br />o <br /> <br />, <br />,- <br />0< <br />-' <br />~ <br />o~ <br />::=~ <br />.- <br />o. <br /> <br />Zv <br />-0(" <br />~- <br />'0< <br />o~' <br /> <br /> <br />VW3t:1.lS <br /> <br />., <br /> <br />. <br /> <br /> 0 <br /> Z <br /> g <br /> 0 <br />> iv <br />~ .. <br />0 , " <br />< o~ <br />. 8' <br />< <br />0 v< <br /> .. <br />z <br />0 <br />, <br />< <br />~ <br />v <br />. <br />, <br />v <br />~ <br /> <br />o N <br />ct;WNI) Tl...,JNI...l::l <br /> <br />. <br /> - <br /> ~ <br /> .. <br /> ~ <br />> '" <br /> ~ <br /> ~ <br /> 0 <br /> Z <br /> Z <br />. <br /> w <br /> ~ <br /> ~ <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />" <br /> <br />o <br /> <br />~ <br />Z <br />Z z <br />a:-, W <br /><-,> <br />~i1:u. <br />cz <br />O:;Cw <br />Oa: <br />-' <br />u.>-Z <br />Im::> <br />en <br />:5 <br />u. <br /> <br />en <br />I-- <br /> <br />. <br /> <br /> <br />W <br />en <br /> <br />VOLUME I fiGURE 2 <br />