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<br />I <br />~ <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />. <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />(' <br /> <br />TABLE OF CONTENTS <br /> <br />Page <br /> <br />List of Figures <br />List of Tables <br />List of Symbols <br />Factors fot Converting Inch-Pound Units to <br />International System of Units <br />Glossary <br /> <br />xiv <br />xxvii <br />xxx <br /> <br />xxxviii <br />xxxix <br /> <br />CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION <br /> <br />1.1 Classification of River Crossings and Encroachments I-I <br /> I.l.l Types of Encroachment 1-2 <br /> 1.1.2 Geometry of Bridge Crossings 1-2 <br />1.2 Dynamics of Natural Rivers <lnd Their Tributaries 1-4 <br /> 1.2.1 Historical Evidence of the Natural Instability <br /> of Fluvial Systems <br /> 1.2.2 Introduction to River Hydraulics and River Response 1-9 <br />1.3 Effects of Highway Construction on River Systems 1-12 <br /> /.3.1 Immediate Responses 1-12 <br /> 1.3.2 Delayed F~esponse of Rivers to Development 1-14 <br />1.4 The Effects of River Development on Highway Encroachment 1-15 <br />1.5 Technical Aspects 1-18 <br /> 1.5.1 Variables Affecting River Behavior 1-18 <br /> 1.5.2 Basic Knowledge Required 1-19 <br /> /.5.3 Data Requirement 1-20 <br /> ~ <br />1.6 Future Technical Trends 1-21 <br /> 1.6.1 Adequacy of Current Knowledge 1-21 <br /> 1.6.2 Research Needs 1-22 <br /> 1.6.3 Training 1-23 <br /> <br />CHAPTER II - OPEN CHANNEL FLOW <br /> <br />2.1 Introduction <br />2.1.1 Definitions <br /> <br />II-I <br />11-2 <br /> <br />2.2 Basic Principles <br />2.2.1 Introduction <br />2.2.2 Conservat.ion of Mass <br />2.2.3 ConservaUon of Linear Momentum <br />2.2.4 ConservaUon of Energy <br />2.2.5 Hydrostatics <br /> <br />11-4 <br />11-4 <br />11-4 <br />11-7 <br />1I-1D <br />II-IS <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />jii <br />