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I I I I I I I I I I II I !I I I I I I II Woodward.clyde Mr. JeffBruggink u.s. Forest Service August 20, 1996 Page 5 used in the fascine coupled to the supportive attributes of the structure itself provide an integrated system of stems, roots, wire, and stakes that hold the soil in place, When used on slopes, they protect against erosion caused by downward water flow, wind action, trampling caused by wildlife and livestock, and the forces of gravity. Live willow cuttings that are driven into the ground as stakes can be used in lieu of stakes on both fascines and willow barriers, or they can be used by themselves. Root pads are large clumps of sluubbery and should be used on a supplemental basis in the bank zone. Front-end loaders or "Veimeer" type spades are well-suited for the excavation and placement of root pads. Seeding of grasses can be used in addition to sodding, root pads, and the above supportive measures, but should be used primarily on gentler sloping sites where current and wave actions do not greatly impact. The terrace zone can generally be planted by direct seeding and transplanting unless the slopes are greater than 3 to 1. Then, they are likely to need surface netting and mulching. Supportive structures such a fascines, and wattles, with sodding, may be required on slopes ofl to 1. Hydroseeding or Bonded Fiber Matrix (BFM) applications for critical areas can be a useful and effective means of direct seeding, particularly on steep slopes. Seeds should be blown on first in a water slurry, and then mulches or BFM applied following seeding to reduce soil moisture loss. The hydraulically applied products also will tend to tie down and cover the seeds and reduce immediate surface soil erosion by wind and water. Plant Procurement There are three sources of plants for revegetating streambanks: 1 )obtain commercially available seed and transplants from nurseries; 2)grow your own transplants or seed plant or __ contract nurseries to do it; and 3)obtain transplants from the wild. Plans for plant procurement must be made as soon as possible to ensure a source. Adjacent drainage basins to Buffalo Creek appear to have an excellent source of native woody plants that could be used. If an outside nursery is used they will need at least a year lead time to develop stock. Detailed lists of suitable nurseries can be obtained by contacting the 96l'.XJOVs.t1.JI..E498 &/19196(3:20 PM)lMKT/48 Woodward-Clyde Consultants