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<br />.
<br />
<br />was lost to the carbonate rock drainaqe
<br />system, the atmospheric loading for
<br />every constituent exceeded the stream-
<br />flow loading. At a
<br />residential/industrial watersh~d where
<br />most of the potential runoff did occur
<br />as surface flow, bulk precipitation ac-
<br />counted for important amounts of the
<br />minerals, nutrients, metals. and COD.
<br />And finally, at a watershed with an ex-
<br />tensive commercial stria develooment
<br />where about half the potential runoff
<br />was lost to carbonate rock drainage,
<br />bulk precipitation loadings were also
<br />found to be able to account for a high
<br />percentage of the streamflow loadings
<br />of many constituents. The streamflow
<br />quality for the watersheds was next
<br />compared with expected rural area or
<br />background values predicted using mo-
<br />dels. For most constituents the urban
<br />streamflow quality was not found to be
<br />much different from that in rural area
<br />streams. These findings l~ad to the
<br />conclusion that bulk precipitation can
<br />be an important sourc~ for many of the
<br />constituents found in streamflow from
<br />both urban and rural areas.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />SHUTANI, J~ et al. 1975: -Impact
<br />orologic modifications on water
<br />ty". Mitre Corp., Mc1J!.an, Va.;
<br />(MTR-6BB7, EPA/60B/2-75/007,
<br />PB-24B 523/3WP).
<br />
<br />of hy-
<br />qual i-
<br />543pp.
<br />NTIS
<br />
<br />Key words: water pollution sources:
<br />sediment yield; water pollution con-
<br />trol; sediment control.
<br />
<br />The report cescribes the scope and m~g-
<br />nitude of water pollution problems
<br />caused by hydrologic modifications
<br />(dams, impoundments, channelisation,
<br />in-water construction, out-of-water
<br />construction, and dredging). Types of
<br />pollutants released by each class of
<br />hydrologic modification are identified,
<br />and quantitative estimates are made of
<br />the amount of the major
<br />pollutant-sediment that enters the Na-
<br />tion's surface waters as a result of
<br />highway and urban construction.
<br />Methods for controlling the release of
<br />pollutants from hydrologic modification
<br />activities ar~ described, and the ef-
<br />fectiveness of sediment control meas-
<br />ures is estimated. Two 'loading func-
<br />tions' are developed for predicting the
<br />quantities of sediment released from
<br />construction operations of given magni-
<br />tude and location. These functions are
<br />based on measurements of sediment
<br />yields and other parameters at 10 con-
<br />struction sites. The accuracy and lim-
<br />itationss of the functions are ana-
<br />lysed. Measurement data from all
<br />classes of hydrologic modifications are
<br />reported in the 42 case studies of
<br />field projects summarised in the appen-
<br />dices of the report~
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />BISHOP, H.F. 1974: -Master planning metho-
<br />dology for urban drainage"~ J.
<br />Hydraul. Divn., Proc. ASCE,
<br />Vol.100(HYll, plB9-199.
<br />
<br />Key words: urban hydrology: urban ru-
<br />noff; data collection: flood control;
<br />watershed management.
<br />
<br />Effective operation and maintenance of
<br />
<br />the urban environment requires th~
<br />co-ordinated management of th~ various
<br />elements of the urban area. One of the
<br />principal elements of the urban system
<br />is that of w~ter resource manag~ment
<br />which includes urban drainage an~ flood
<br />GOntrol. A syst~ms engineering metho-
<br />dology was developed for master plan-
<br />ning of the major drainage system in
<br />the Denver area und~r Project REUSE
<br />(Renewinq the Environment through Urban
<br />Systems Engineering). The ~ethodology
<br />incorporates a functional description
<br />of the urban drainage system and a sys-
<br />tematic process of data acquisition,
<br />runoff analysis, conc~pt identification
<br />and selection, and master plan develop-
<br />ment and implementation.
<br />
<br />.~
<br />I
<br />
<br />SITTON, G. 1975: -1\dsorption of viruses on
<br />to surfaces in soil and water-. ~'later
<br />Research, VOl.9(5/6): p473-484.
<br />
<br />Key words: viral factors: water pol-
<br />lution control ~
<br />
<br />The present review considers the physi-
<br />co-chemical mechanisms involved in the
<br />adsorption of viruses to biological and
<br />non-biological surfaces and to stress
<br />the influence of these sorptive inter-
<br />actions on the behaviour of viruses in
<br />their environment. The author also
<br />discusses the importance of the adsor9-
<br />tion process in water pollution control
<br />and the concentration and purification
<br />of viruses.
<br />
<br />BLACK, CRrn.q and EIOSNESS INC. 1971: -Storm
<br />and combined sewer pollution sources
<br />and ubatement, Atlanta, Ga.-. Black,
<br />Crow and Eidsness Inc., Atlant~, Ga.;
<br />164pp. (~TrS po-201 725, EPA
<br />llB24ErB01/71) .
<br />
<br />Key words: water pollution: combined
<br />sewers; pollution abatement;
<br />overflows; surface runoff~ waste
<br />water treatment; water pollution con-
<br />trol: biochemical oxygen demand.
<br />
<br />Six urban drainage basins in Atlanta,
<br />Georgia, served by combined ~nd seoar-
<br />ate sewers, were studieo to determine
<br />the major pollution sources during
<br />storm events. Rainfall freouency ana-
<br />lysis and simulation techniou~s ~ere
<br />used to obtain design criteria for al-
<br />ternative pollution abatement schemes.
<br />High frequency storms cause the worst
<br />impact and most of the pollution from
<br />combined sewer areas. Annual BOD from
<br />these areas is 2,078,9~0 pounds, or 460
<br />Ibs/acre, of which 57 percent is due to
<br />storms of two week or higher frequ~ncy~
<br />Bypassing of waste water treatment
<br />plant flows during storms adds 690,e0~
<br />pounes BOD/pear. Runoff from storm
<br />sewered areas, at 253 Ibs/acre, adds
<br />5,577,e~9 pounds/year. Overflows an1
<br />bypassed flows have severe impact upon
<br />the South River, due to their high de-
<br />oxygenation r~tes and coliform concen-
<br />trations~ Annual BOD reduction from
<br />combined sewer areas of 57 percent may
<br />be achieved for a total annual cost of
<br />Sl65,e08, by .odifying the three regu-
<br />lators and treating 8~ percent of the
<br />overflows, in conjunction with storage
<br />sufficient to contain a two week storm.
<br />
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