FLOOD06313

• County: Statewide
• Community: Worldwide
• Basin: Statewide
• Title: Effects of Urban Land Use On Water Quantity and Quality: An Annotated Bibliography
• Date: 1/1/1979
• Prepared By: University of Waikato Department of Earth Sciences; Hamilton, New Zeland
• Floodplain - Doc Type: Educational/Technical/Reference Information

.

trc~tment works. The discharge of
these overflows into natural receivinq
waters creates pollution and is of
growing concern to water pollution con-
trol authorities. This paper presents
the optimal control strategy to be fol-
lowed in minimising the total overflow
from given storage reservoirs within
the system. The individuul overflows
are weighted un~qual1y to account for
the real situation in which overflows
from some regions within a system may
contain more oollutants than those from
other regions:

.

BENSON, M.A. 1962: "Factors influencing
the occurrence of floods in a humid re-
gion of diverse terrainR. u.s. Geo!.
Survey water supply paper No.1580-S;
64pp.

Key words:
discharge:
studies;
relationships;

flood forecasting; peak
mathematical models; model
rainfall-runoff
snowmelt.

.

This report describes relations between
flood peaks and hydrologic f~ctors in a
humid region with limited climatic var-
iation but a diversity of terrain.
Statistical multiple-regression techni-
ques have been applied to hydrologic
data in New England. ',any topogrClphic
and climatic factors have been evaluat-
ed, and their relations to flood peaks
have been examined. Many of th~ fac-
tors that influence flood peaks are in-
terrelated, and part of the investiga-
tion consisted of determining the most
efficient factor in each of several
groups of highly interrelated vari-
ables. Drainage area size was found to
be the most important factor.
~ain-channel slope was found to be next
in importance, and a simple yet effi-
cient index of main-channel slope was
developed. The surface area of lakes
and ponds was found to be a factor sig-
nificantly influencing peak discharges.
Of several indices tested, the intensi-
ty of rainfall for a given duration and
frequ?ncy was found to be most highly
related to the magnitude of peaks. The
increase in peaks caused by snowmelt
and frozen ground was found to be re-
lated to 20 index of winter temperature
- the average number of degre~s below
freezing in January. After the
above-mentioned topographic and climat-
ic characteristics had been taken into
account, th~re remained deviations in
peak discharges that showed an evident
relation to orographic patterns. An
orographic factor was mapped as defined
by the peak discharges of record.
Multiple-regression equations were de-
veloped that related, with acceptable
accuracy, peak discharges of 1.2- to
3ee-year recurrence intervals to 6 hy-
drologic variables; 3 of the variables
were topographic, 2 climatic, and 1 or-
ographic. The remaining unexplained
variations in flood-peak occurrence are
believed attributable to the chance
variation in storms.

.

BENZIE, W.J. and
1966: -Discharges
sewers and combined
Pollution Control
p410.

COURCHAINE, R.J.
from separa-te storm
sewers.. J. Water
Federation, Vol.38:

Key ,",ords:
analysis~
nitrates;

faecal coliforms: chemical
bacteria: combined sewers;
phosphorus compounds.

Disch~rqps from a s~parate storm sew~r
system showed m~~n median bacteri~l
aounts per 1~0ml of l2xl~~rOa0,
0.62xl~A,0~~, and 1.4xl00,0~0 for tot~l
coliform, faecal coliform, and fJ~cal
streptococci, resp~ctiv~ly.
Corresponding figures for disch3rQ~
from a combined system were 94xl01,O~1,
3.7xlCO,00~, and 5.8xl~~,A0~. The ra-
tios of faecal coliforms to faecal
streptococci in the combin~~ dnn seU3r-
ate systems were 4.7 and ~.6, resp~c-
tive1y, indicating that th~ bact~ria in
the combined system arc priw~rily of
human origin, whereas those in th~ sep-
arate system are derived from other
warm-blooded ani~als. Phosphat~s ann
nitrates in combine~ system discharges
were about 3 to 4 times greater thnn
cont~nts in discharges from sep~rate
systems.

BERG, J.P\.VA!l DEN. 1974: "Some aspects of
the runoff hydrology of urb~n areas".
water, Vol.7(23l: 95~8-516 (In Dutch,
English summary p507).

Key words: bibliographies: urban ru-
noff: hydrologic data; urban drain-
age.

Giving a bibliography of 41 ref~l-ences
and some dia9ramm~tical data, the au-
thor discusses the runoff 9rocess with-
in an urban arca, particularly in rela-
tion to the measurements made ~t the
new town of Lelystad, ~etherJan~s, em-
phasising the need for data on th~ in-
tensity of rainfall as well as the
total precipitation, nnd showing the
effects of subsurface drainaq~ of
roads. Based on analyses at [~lyst~?,
the effects of storm sewage from the
separate sewage system on the ~u~lity
of canal waters in the town are atso
discussed.

BERG, J.A.VAN DEN. 1976: -Data anCllysis
and system modclinq in urban catch~ent
areas (in the new town of telysta~r Th~
Netherlands)-. Hydrological Sciences
Bulletin, Vol.21(l)~ p187-194.

Key words: .odel studies:
techniques~ computer
mathematical aodels.

analytical
models:

The objective is to determine the pro-
bability distribution of the outputs
from the distribution of th~ inout and
from the deterministic operations ~~ich
can be represented by a matrix.
Screened data are rearranged in time
series and represented in combinations
of two or three conn~cted variables.
From these data rainf~ll and discharge
intensities can be calculated for peri-
ods up to 3!ls.

BERG, J.A.VAN DEN. et ale 1977: -some
qualitative and quantitative aspects of
surface water in an urban arca with
separate storm water and waste water
sewer systems.. In, Symposium on p.f-
fects of urbanisation and industriali-