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<br />source.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />BATTAGLI~, G.M. 1976: -Po11utional charac-
<br />teristics of urban sno'~elt runoffR.
<br />f.1.S. Thesis, Dept. of Civil and Envi-
<br />ronmental Engineering, University of
<br />Color~do, Boulder: l20pp. (NTIS
<br />PB-264 715).
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />Key words: storm runoff: urban drain-
<br />age~ urban runoff; water pollution
<br />sources: urbanisation: snowmelt~
<br />miscellaneous chemicals: lead: solid
<br />wastes.
<br />
<br />This research was the second of a two
<br />part study on urban storm water runoff
<br />in Boulder, Colorado. The objectives
<br />were to give a representation of the
<br />concentrations and loadings of selected
<br />pollutants from snowmelt runoff, and
<br />their impact upon a receiving stream,
<br />Boulder Creek. ~ 183 acre residential
<br />area served by a separate storm and
<br />sanitary sewer system was selected.
<br />The storm se~er system discharges into
<br />Boulder Creek. The recorded snowfalls
<br />and subsequ~nt runoff have been inves-
<br />tigated for the fall and winter of
<br />1975-76. Concentrations of urbAn storm
<br />water runoff, pollutnnt variations in
<br />Boulder Creek, and loa~ings from th~
<br />storm sewer were also evaluated during
<br />this period. Concentrations of the
<br />various chemical parameters in snowmelt
<br />runoff were highly variable, similar to
<br />rain runoff4 These concentrations
<br />peaked during the middle of the day,
<br />corresponding with pe~ks of maximum ru-
<br />noff. Pollutant concentrations in the
<br />storm sewer were usu~lly below those
<br />found for rain runoff, but due to lower
<br />flows in the cre~k during the winter
<br />months, the detrimental effects from
<br />the sewer we~e as significant as those
<br />found in the previous rain study. The
<br />impact of urban runoff upon receiving
<br />waters is brought into p~rspective when
<br />comparing the storm sewer discharge lo-
<br />adings with those of the municipal
<br />sewage treatment plant effluent. While
<br />adding only 13.5 percent of the total
<br />flow to the creek, the storm sewer con-
<br />tributes almost 50 percent of the total
<br />solids and lead, and over 75 percent of
<br />the suspended solids.
<br />
<br />BAUER, K.W4 1965: -Determination of runoff
<br />for urban storm water drainage system
<br />designR4 Southeastern Wis. Regional
<br />Planning Committee Tech4 Rec.,
<br />Vo1.2(4), 19pp.
<br />
<br />Key words: storm runoff~ urban drain-
<br />age.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />Storm water runoff determinations are
<br />made to determine design criteria for
<br />the planning and design of urban drain-
<br />age systems. The storm water runoff
<br />determination criteria is the rational
<br />method whose variables are the coeffi-
<br />cient of runoff, rainfall intensity for
<br />the area, time of concentration, and
<br />soil information. The application of
<br />these criteria should promote common
<br />storm sewer design methods and the
<br />adoption of common design methods for
<br />storm water drainage system design.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />BAUER, W.J. 1969: .Urban hydrology-, In,
<br />The progress of hydrology, Vol.2 - spe-
<br />cialised hydrologic subjPcts. Proc.
<br />1st International Seminar for hydrology
<br />professors, IllinOis University, Urba-
<br />na, (University of Illinois):
<br />p68S-637.
<br />
<br />Key words: urban hydrology; storm ru-
<br />noff~ flood routing: model studies:
<br />rainfall-runoff relationships;
<br />urbanisation: mathematical models:
<br />flood control; instrumentation:
<br />analytical techniques4
<br />
<br />This paper presents viewpoints of a
<br />practicing consulting engIneer concern-
<br />ing the following aspects of urban hy-
<br />drology: the controlling economic fac-
<br />tors: the n~ed for improved analytical
<br />and design techniques; and the use of
<br />simplified methods pending the gather-
<br />ing of data required for the use of im-
<br />proved techniques. The Northeastern
<br />Illinois Metropolitan area is used as
<br />an example in illustrating e~ch of
<br />these aspects. Storm runoff in urban
<br />areas takes up valuable space, and only
<br />the location of this space is subject
<br />to engineering control. Therefore it
<br />is the volume of runoff more than th~
<br />rate of runoff which is important to
<br />evaluate for design purposes. Runoff
<br />from urban ar~as presents a quality
<br />control problem. Therefore it b~hoves
<br />the planner to mov~ in the direction of
<br />large storage and small rates of flow,
<br />because of the hioh cost of tre~tment
<br />at high rates of flow for short p~riods
<br />of time. All methods of analysis of
<br />storm runoff and the associated flow in
<br />open channels involve th~ use of mathe-
<br />matical models. Every decision rogar1-
<br />ing storm drainag~, even one to do
<br />nothing, involves an allocation of
<br />space, the tempor~ry storage of storm
<br />water, and therefore involves an accep-
<br />tance of the cost associated with that
<br />decision4
<br />
<br />1968: -Effects of
<br />Water Resources
<br />p5l-56.
<br />
<br />BAXTER, S4S.
<br />tion-.
<br />Vol.4(1),
<br />
<br />urbanis,,-
<br />Bulletin,
<br />
<br />Key words:
<br />1Ranagement~
<br />
<br />urbanisation~ watershed
<br />vater pollution sources.
<br />
<br />Existing urban water problems and the
<br />types of remedial research needed ~re
<br />reviewed4 Particular stress is placed
<br />on economic, social, and oolitical fac-
<br />tors involved. Shortages- and failure
<br />in water supply, needed water pollution
<br />control, flooding caused by undersized
<br />storm sewers, and fire losses resulting
<br />from low water pressures are the major
<br />water problems complicated by growing
<br />urbanisation. Increas~d federal fund-
<br />ing, particularly under various water
<br />quality acts, has lessened local and
<br />State control problems. Although basic
<br />research may provide a breakthrough in
<br />water knowledge, there is need to apply
<br />more fully what is already known to
<br />meet the qrowing problems as they
<br />occur.
<br />
<br />BEABL~, M.E. 1977: -Urban flood estimation
<br />a look to the future-. In, procee~-
<br />ings N.Z. Institution Engineers, Annu-
<br />al Conference 1977, Technical Group on
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