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All elevations are referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD). Elevation reference marks used in this study are shown on the maps. 4.0 FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) encourages State and local governments to adopt sound flood plain management programs. Therefore, each Flood Insurance Study produces maps designed to assist communities in developing flood plain management measures. 4.1 Flood Boundaries To provide a national standard without regional discrimination, the 1 percent annual chance (lOO-year) flood has been adopted by FEMA as the base flood for flood plain management purposes. The 0.2 percent annual chance (500-year) flood is employed to indicate additional areas of flood risk in the community. For each stream studied in detail, the 100- and 500-year flood plain boundaries have been delineated using the flood elevations determined at each cross section. Between cross sections, the boundaries were inter- polated using topographic maps at a scale of 1:1,200 and 1:2,400, with a contour interval of 2 feet (References 7 and 8). Shallow flooding flood boundaries were delineated using topographic maps at a scale of 1:1,200 with a contour interval of 2 feet (Refer- ence 7), and using methods described in Section 3.2. The 100- and 500-year flood plain boundaries are shown on the Flood Boundary and Floodway Map (Exhibit 2). In cases where the 100- and 500-year flood plain boundaries are close together, only the 100-year flood plain boundary has been shown. Small areas within the flood plain boundaries may lie above the flood elevations but cannot be shown due to limitations of the map scale and/or lack of detailed topographic data. 4.2 Floodways Encroachment on flood plains, such as structures and fill, reduces flood-carrying capacity, increases flood heights and velocities, and increases flood hazards in areas beyond the encroachment itself. One aspect of flood plain management involves balancing the economic gain from flood plain development against the resulting increase in flood hazard. For purposes of the NFIP, a floodway is used as a tool to assist local communities in this aspect of flood plain management. Under this concept, the area of the 100-year flood plain is divided into a floodway and a floodway fringe. The flood- way is the channel of a stream, plus any adjacent flood plain areas, that must be kept free of encroachment so that the 100-year flood can be carried without substantial increases in flood heights. ]]