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<br />a <br />A = <br />Ae <br />Ae <br />Cd <br />D <br />Dm <br />D50 <br />D84 <br />D90 <br />d <br />Fr <br /> = <br />Frl <br />g = <br />hl_2 <br />he <br />H <br />K <br /> <br />Ko <br />Kb <br />K, <br />Kl <br /> <br />K2 <br /> <br />K3 <br /> <br />K4 <br /> <br />kj & k2 <br /> <br />, <br /> <br />LIST OF SYMBOLS <br /> <br />Pier width, m <br />Maximum amplitude of elevation of the tide or storm surge, m <br />Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the embankment, m' <br />Cross-sectional area of the waterway at mean tide elevation--half between high and low tide, m' <br />Net cross-sectional area in the inlet at the crossing, at mean water surface elevation, m2 <br />Coefficient of discharge <br />Diameter of the bed material, m <br />Diameter of smallest nontransportabIe particle in the bed material, m <br />Effective mean diameter of the bed material in the bridge, mrn or m <br />1.25 D50 <br />Median diameter of the bed material, diameter which 50% of the sizes are smaller, mrn or m <br />Diameter of the bed material of which 84% are smaller, mrn or m <br />Diameter of the bed material of which 90% are smaller, mrn or m <br />Flow depth above lower cord, m <br />Froude Number [V/(gy)Y.] <br />Froude .Number of approach flow upstream of the abutment <br />Froude Number based on the velocity and depth adjacent to and upstream of the abutment <br />Froude Number directly upstream of a pier <br />Acceleration of gravity (9,81 mls') <br />Head loss between sections t and 2, m <br />Average depth of flow in the waterway at mean water elevation, m <br />Height (I.e., height of a dune), m <br />Various coefficients in equations as described below <br /> <br />Conveyance in Manning's equation <br /> <br />(AR2/J) <br />n <br /> <br />m3/s <br />, <br /> <br />Bottom width of the scour hole as a fraction of scour depth, m <br />Coefficient for pier sbape <br />Velocity head loss coefficient on the ocean side or downstream side of the waterway <br />Velocityh.l;ad loss coefficient on the bay or upstream side of the waterway <br />ShieldS coefficient <br />Correction factor for pier nose shape <br />Coefficient for abutment shape <br />Correction factor for angle of attack of flow <br />Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow <br />Correction factor for increase in equilibrium pier scour depth for bed condition <br />Correction factor for armoring in pier scour equation <br />Exponents determined in Lansen live-bed contraction equation, depends on the mode of bed <br />material transport <br /> <br />ix <br />