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<br />braided stream: <br /> <br />A stream whose flow is divided at normal. stage by small mid-channel <br />bars or small islands; the individual width of bars and islands is less than <br />about tbree times water width; braided stream has the aspect of a single <br />large channel within which are subordinate cbannels, <br /> <br />bridge opening: <br /> <br />The cross-sectional area beneath a bridge that is available for conveyance <br />of water, <br /> <br />bridge waterway: <br /> <br />The area of a bridge opening available for flow, as measured below a <br />specified stage and normal to the principal direction of flow. <br /> <br />bulkhead: <br /> <br />A vertical, or near vertical, wall that supports a bank or an embankment; <br />also may serve to protect against erosion. <br /> <br />caving: <br /> <br />The collapse of a bank caused by undermining due to the action of <br />flowing water, Also, the falling in of the concave side of a bend of <br />which the curvature is changing, <br /> <br />channel: <br /> <br />The bed and banks that confine the surface flow of a stream, <br /> <br />channelization: <br /> <br />Straightening or deepening of a natural channel by artificial cutoffs, <br />grading, flow-control measures, or diversion of flow into a man-made <br />channel. <br /> <br />cellular-block mattress: <br /> <br />Interconnected concrete blocks with regular cavities placed directly on a <br />streambank or filter to resist erosion, The cavities can permit bank <br />drainage and the growth of vegetation where synthetic filter fabric is not <br />used between the bank and mattress. <br /> <br />channel diversion: <br /> <br />The removal of flows by natural or artificial means from a natural length <br />of channel. <br /> <br />channel pattern: <br /> <br />The aspect of a stream channel in plan view, with particular reference to <br />the degree of sinuosity, braiding, anabranching, <br /> <br />channel process: <br /> <br />Behavior of a channel with respect to shifting, erosion and <br />sedimentation, <br /> <br />check dam: <br /> <br />A low dam or weir across a channel used to control stage or degradation. <br /> <br />choking (of flow): <br /> <br />Excessive constriction of flow which may cause severe backwater effect. <br /> <br />clay: <br /> <br />A particle whose diameter is in the range of 0,000 24 to 0,004 mm, <br /> <br />clay plug: <br /> <br />A cutoff meander bend filled with fine grained cohesive sediments. <br /> <br />clear. water scour: <br /> <br />Scour at a pier or abutment (or contraction scour) when there is no <br />movement of the bed material upstream of the bridge crossing at the <br />flow causing bridge scour. <br /> <br />cobble: <br /> <br />A fragment of rock whose diameter is in the range of 64 to 250 mm, <br /> <br />concrete revetment: <br /> <br />Plain or reinforced concrete slabs placed on the channel bed or bank to <br />protect it from erosion. <br /> <br />xv <br />