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<br />backwater: <br /> <br />The increase in water surface elevation relative to the elevation occurring <br />under natural channel and floodplain conditions, induced by a bridge or <br />other structure that obstructs or constricts a channel. Backwater also can <br />occur downstream of a constriction where flow expands, as in wide, <br />wooded floodplain. <br /> <br />backwater area: <br /> <br />The low-lying lands adjacent to a stream that may become flooded due <br />to backwater, <br /> <br />bank: <br /> <br />The sidesIopes of a channel between which the flow is nonoally <br />confined, <br /> <br />bank, left (right): <br /> <br />The side of a cbanneI as viewed in a downstream direction, <br /> <br />bank full discharge: <br /> <br />Discharge that, on the average, fills a channel to the point of <br />overflowing, <br /> <br />bank protecting: <br /> <br />Engineering works for the purpose of protecting streambanks from <br />erosion. <br /> <br />bank revettnent <br /> <br />Erosion-resistant materials placed directly on a streambank to protect the <br />bank from erosion, <br /> <br />bar: <br /> <br />An elongated deposit of alluvium within a channel, not pennanently <br />vegetated, <br /> <br />bay: <br /> <br />A body of water connected to the ocean with an inlet. <br /> <br />bed: <br /> <br />The bottom of a channel bounded by banks, <br /> <br />bed fono: <br /> <br />A recognizable relief feature on the bed of a channel, such as a ripple, <br />dune or bar. <br /> <br />bed layer: <br /> <br />A flow layer, several grain diameters thick (usually two) immediately <br />above the bed, <br /> <br />bed ioad: <br /> <br />Sediment that is transported in a stream by rolling, sliding, or skipping <br />along the bed or very close to it; considered to be within the bed layer. <br />Also, called contact load or contact sediment discharge, <br /> <br />bed load discharge <br />(or bed load) <br /> <br />The quantity of bed load passing a cross section of a stream <br />in a unit of time, <br /> <br />bed material: <br /> <br />Material found in and on the bed of a stream (may be transported as bed <br />load or in suspension), <br /> <br />bedrock: <br /> <br />The solid rock exposed at the surface of the earth or overlain by soils <br />and unconsolidated material. <br /> <br />bed shear (tractive force): <br /> <br />The force per unit area exerted by a fluid flowing past a stationary <br />boundary, <br /> <br />boulder: <br /> <br />A rock fragment whose diameter is greater than 250 nun, <br /> <br />braid: <br /> <br />A subordinate channel of a braided stream, <br /> <br />xiv <br />