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<br />some residual radar overestimation that the Adjustment algorithm could not totally correct. <br /> <br />There is one last important point worthy of notice from Fig, J I. Despite the new <br /> <br />Adjustment algorithm's reduction of the radar-wide rainfall overestimation, it has inadvertently <br /> <br />reduced the storm-total radar estimate over the tOml of Buffalo Creek that had previously been a <br /> <br />relativdy good estimate when using the old methodology as well as when no automated bias <br /> <br />correction had been performed at all. The radar estimate in the bin over the tOml of Buffalo <br /> <br />Creek was reduced from 63,8 mm to 43.2 mm using the new formulation, a 32% decrease (see <br /> <br />the top pair of points in Fig, II), Since the rain gauge observation at this location was 68.1 mm, <br /> <br />the net result is that for the gauge-radar pair over Buffalo Creek the radar estimates would have <br /> <br />been degraded by the inclusion of real-time gauge data in the PPS algorithm. <br /> <br />This is an unavoidable dilemma that may sometimes occur when estimating spatially <br /> <br />uniforrll biases as in the current design of the Adjustment algorithm. If the PPS perfonnance for <br /> <br />this case is judged based only on radar-wide gauge-radar comparisons (e.g., sample biases <br /> <br />computed from all available gauge data) as opposed to point-specific gauge-radar comparisons, <br /> <br />then the Adjustment algoritlun would have improved the rainfall estimates relative to fb.e case if <br /> <br />the Adjustment algorithm had not been run at all. In this case, the total water volume over the <br /> <br />entire radar umbrella has been better estimated (i.e., the radar overestimation has been <br /> <br />decreased), and hydrologists who use these adjusted rainfall estimates as input to hydrologic <br /> <br />models would be happier, <br /> <br />On the other hand, if one judges the performance of the Adjustment algorithm based only <br /> <br />on individual point-by-point comparisons of gauge and radar, then it is unavoidable that there <br /> <br />will some locations where the adjusted radar estimates will be locally degraded relativle to the <br /> <br />16 <br />