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62 Figure 7.7. Column tied to footing with reinforcement. (Reference 7) ANCHOR STRAP REINFORCED CONCRETE PIER , ~ : " III i"1 II II II I: i I II :..L-.--_ ~ ,. ---"--- 1 RE~FORC~D--:7/i I -l-k ~J':"-;-~l a" MIN. FOOTING ""'''V~-ff;ft-'1U~''''-::-'l:~::~ : ,. /~_~ /,"7" .... (----~--./" '/ // : r --.:1- ++- / 24'.24" I ./ -"', ",/ MINIMUM , I / L_________J/.... GRA~ _ Figure 7,8, Columns tied to footing with reinforcement. (Reference 7) If the loading on piers is very high. a reinforced pier wall may be needed rather than columns. The long dimension of the wall should run parallel with the direction of flood flow so that resistance to the water is minimized, The wall construction may also be used in conjunction with posts and piles. 7.3 Waterproofed Structures 7.3,1 General Waterproofed structures include any structure that has its lowest floor elevation below the BFE. Waterproofed structures must be adequately designed to structurally resist hydrostatic and hyd- rodynilmic loads, with adequate closure of opening below the BFE, and require adequate anchor- ing systems between structural components such as walls and footings, floor slabs and walls, and superstructure to walls, Another primary concern for waterproofed structures is that all joints and walls should be adequately sealed to prevent seepage of flood waters. Hydrostatic and hyd- rodynamic loadings were presented in Chapter VI and application to walls and floor slabs is dis- cussed in Capter XI. In Chapter VIII, various types and requirements of closure of openings below the BFE are presented. Thus, the following sections will present and discuss recommended anchor- ing systems and guidelines for waterproofing seals, In general, there are three types of structures to which the following guidelines are applicable, These include 1) one and two story buildings with a full basement, 2) with a crawl space or, 3) no basement with grade level foundation,