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Buildings must be located on the part of the site that analysis of basic flood data has indicated is above tbe Base Plood Elevation (BPE). Where some construction is allowed In the flood fringe, buildings should be oriented to minimize obstruction of flood flows. Buildings in coastal areas must be sited in areas that are tolerant to develop- ment in order to minimize damage to both the build- ings and the natural bal- ance of the coastal ecosystem. 56 . I ........ ....... Site Desia" 'Jedllliques Site design techniques for flood damage reduction fall into two categories-distribution and density of built ele- ments on the site and control of storm water runoff These categories represent different types of problems to be addressed in site design in relation to mitigating flood damage both on the site and throughout the region The range of available techniques should be used in varying combinations to fit the unique circumstances of each site and the associated design program Distribution and density is, foremos~ a question of how to locate and orient buildings on the site. Related con- cerns are the determination of drculation and access routes and the alteration of site topography through exca, vation and use of fill material. Siting lndividual Buildings The primary objective in siting individual buildings is to locate structures so that they will be safe (or can be made safe) from flooding. In practice this means locating on that part of the site that analysis of basic flood data has indicated is above the base flood elevation However there are other factors to be considered Nonresidential structures can use a combination of elevation and waterproofing to achieve the required de- gree of safety, as long as they are not located in the flood- way or coastal high hazard area For all structures, the de, signer should consider the potential for going beyond regulatory minimums, thus providing greater protection wherever possible. Some sites, for instance, allow build- ings to be located completely outside the flood fringe, and this should be done wherever possible. Buildings should also be oriented so that founda- tions and floodproofed walls minimize obstruction of flood flows. Natural drainage lines and other natural fea- tures that help control storm water runoff should be pre- served These measures avoid raising the level of flood waters and minimize negative impaas on downstream property Coastal areas require additional safeguards in locat- ing buildings- There must be no construction on beaches or dunes; buildings should be sited behind the secondary dune or elevated in the troughs between dunes, since Tolerant to development Tolerant Intolerant I to light I development Highly intolerant