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" o ! ] 5 g 00 .8 '8' ~ \ 'S ' " \ ~ ~ ~ N o " \ ~ 3 8 example, frequent use of temporary protective cover- ings over vulnerable doors and windows requires that such coverings be easy to put in place and remove. Fre- quency of flooding also indicates the need for special access to or from the site if flooding is anticipated to be a common occurrence. Climate and Weather: Climate and weather are fac- tors in predicting the frequency and type of precipita- tion that might be common to a particular area, which, in turn, influences flooding severity. For example, a propensity for cloudbursL' or heavy snowfall will indi- cate a need for dealing with quick water build-up in the design of a given project. Seasonal variations might also be a consideration in this respect. Data on climate and weather is obtainable from the records of the local of- fice of the National Weather Service, as well as from local newspapers, police, and civil defense officials. Ground Water Levels. Ground water levels interact with the effects of precipitation and storm water runoff to help determine the water pressure on footings, foun- dation walls, and floor slabs during flooding. With, high ground water levels, the uplift forces associated with flooding will occur more quickly and more frequently, and should be accommodated in the design of all struc- tures on the proposed site. Flood Control Measures. Existing flood control works will have been accounted for in the basic flood hazard data such as flood boundaries and flood depths. However, the designer still needs to be aware of the lim- its of the control works and of the effects on the proposed site if water does exceed the design limits. Beyond these issues, the designer should know of any proposed flood control structures that will alter local flooding characteristics. If such devices are proposed, Tbese examples of struc- tural damage illustrate the possible effects of water pressure associated with flooding. 45