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<br />tit <br /> <br />tit <br /> <br />e <br /> <br />mudflow is a function of the fluid matrix properties (i.e. density, viscosity, and yield stress), <br />channel geometry, slope, and roughness. Viscosity is in turn a function of the type of <br />sediment (clay or silt), the sediment concentration, and the water temperature. Mudflows <br />have high sediment concentrations and high yield stresses, which may produce laminar <br />flow. Usually, the peak concentration of sediment during a mudflow event is about 45% to <br />55%, and the average sediment concentration is between 20% and 35%. <br /> <br />The objective of this study was to develop a methodology and model that will enable the <br />City of Aspen to estimate the location and magnitude of a possible mudflow event through <br />the City. This model can then be used to develop mitigation measures to eliminate or <br />reduce the effect of a possible mudflow event, to estimate the effect that future <br />development at the base of the Mountain may have, and to establish regulations or <br />guidelines for future development. The computer program, FLO-2D, provides the City of <br />Aspen with an effective tool to achieve these goals. <br /> <br />METHODOLOGY <br /> <br />FLO-2D Description <br /> <br />FLO-2D estimates the amount of runoff that will occur during a rain event and the depth <br />of flow, water, and sediment that will occur due to this rain. FLO-2D is a two-dimensional, <br />finite difference flood routing model, which uses a kinematic wave or diffusive wave <br />equation to estimate overland flow. In addition to modeling water-only flow, the program <br />will also model hyperconcentrated sediment flow. Hyperconcentrated sediment flow is <br />runoff that contains a very high concentration of sediment. <br /> <br />FLO-2D requires a representation of the topography of the study area. This is <br />accomplished by establishing a network of nodes and assigning x-y coordinates and <br />elevations to each node. The nodes must be placed in a rectangular grid with equal <br />spacing between nodes. A typical grid node spacing is 200 feet to 500 feet. Decreasing <br />