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<br />measures should be used to prevent sand or carth from collapsing il1lo the excavation and <br />reducing the pier cross-section. Fib'l.lre 3-1 shows the survival of a structure built on a well- <br />constructed concrete pile foundation that sustained severe erosion. Figures 3-2 through 3-9 show <br />reconnnended pile, post, COIUI11n, and pier foundation designs. While there were no failures <br />observed of spliced wood pilcs (sce Figure 2-8), the recommended practice is to install <br />foundation elements in a continuous length (i.e., in one piece). <br /> <br />3.5.2 SLABS AND GRADE BEAMS <br /> <br />Wilh the exception of at-grade parking slabs, slabs-<m-grade in areas known to be subject to <br />storm-induced erosion and scour should be designed as freestanding structural elemen ts and <br />reinforced to withstand the loss of underlying soil. Freestanding structural slabs should be <br />designed and constructed to withstand all flood, wind, and debris f,)rces acting simultaneonsly (in <br />accordance with applicable standards and codes) and to minimize debtis trapping. <br /> <br />Grade beams should be designed as freestanding slructural elements that are reinforced to <br />withstand the loss of underlying soil, to withstand all flood, wind, and debris forces acting <br />simultaneously, and to minimize debris trapping. The design of other structural componenL' <br />must consider the hydrodynamic and olher forces that will act on grade beams and structural <br />slabs once they are exposed to flood forces by storm-induced erosion and scour. <br /> <br /> <br />.. <br /> <br />Figure 3-1 <br /> <br />This well-cunstmeted concrete stmctU1E survived the storm with little or no damage, even with <br />5 feet of erosion. <br /> <br />HURRICANE OPAL IN FLORIDA <br /> <br />3-5 <br />