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. Where used to provide structural support for elevated structures, laminated or stmctural composite beams and joists should be properly specified, manufactured, treated, and installed for exterior use to avoid deterioration, delamination, or other problems that may result from use of members intended for interior use. Furthermore, designers and contractors should employ connections and connectors recommended by the American Institute of Timber Construction and allowed by the local building code, since standard connections and connectors used with sawn lumber may not be appropriate for laminated or composite lumber. . Asphalt roofing shingles should be of sufficient size and weight to meet wind resistance requirements in the applicable building code. Roofing tiles should be properly nailed, screwed, or fastened in accordance tvith the manufacturer's recommendations. . Metal roofing should be properly fastened to reduce damage, which tends to be progressive - a small defect can result in loss of the entire metal roof. 3.4 REPAIR AND RETROFIT OF DAMAGED STRUCTURES Repairs of damaged structures should be completed in accordance with applicable codes and regulations and should be inspected to ensure conformance to the applicable building code and floodplain management requirements. Designers and contractors should be reminded that if a structure is damaged to the point that the cost of repairing it to its pre-damage condition equals or exceeds 50 percent of its pre--damage market value, repair will be governed by local, State, or NFIP substantial damage regulations, as adopted by community floodplain ordinance. Opportunities to retrofit damaged structures should also be aggressively pursued. Elevation, relocation, floodproofing, and installation of protective structures should be considered as effective means of reducing future damages (Florida Department of Community Affairs] 995). Where possible, retrofitting measures should be passive measures that do not require human intervention. 3.5 NEW CONSTRUCTION AND SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENTS In V-Zones, construction plans for all new and substantially improved structures must be signed and sealed by a registered design professional. The BPAT recommends that in coastal A- Zones, plans for new and substantially improved structures also be sigued and sealed by a registered design professional. Consideration should be given to having building setbacks fi:-om the shoreline and first floor elevations exceed minimum requirements where current FIRMs and construction setbacks do not reflect the actual flood levels, erosion, scour, and storm effects experienced during Hurricane Opal. 3.5.1 PILE, POST, COLUMN, AND PIER FOUNDATIONS Pile, post, column, and pier foundations should be designed to accommodate all design flood, wind, and other loads acting simultaneously in accordance with the requirements of ASCE 7-95, Minimum Design Loads fur Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE ] 995). Documented amounts of erosion and conical scour from Hurricane Opal and earlier storms should be considered in the determination of foundation embedment. When cast-in-place concrete piers are poured, 3-4 RECOMMENDA nONS