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of Bonneville projeot for navigation. and for other purposes: (50 stat. 731). as amended. is he:eby repealed. 11 The far-reaching and uncertain effect of this section wa.s bluntly stated by the Senate Irrigation and Reclu~ntion Committee in theso words: ~~&,. &,. to the PJi11. IINo one can detormino from this section what laws affecting wator. and its utilization and control. or for th~t matter whut laws for any othcr purpose. are ropealed by this section******** liThe 'operations contemplated by this Act' embrace all the uses of water in the basin and adjacent territory and the eeonemic. social and cultural developmont of the vast area. All the laws that Congress has through long oxperience and much study and debate gradually evolved for tho dovelopnent of tho Missouri Basin. particularly as to its water uses. are eithor expressly repealed by this provision or elso, like Mohammed's coffin. loft suspended in midair. sub- ject to being brushed aside whenover the directors do- termine that such la,w stand in the way of the 'oporations contemplated by this Act.' This applies to the great body of reclan'l1tion laws and to stato laws which havo boen en- acted for the orderly. just, and beneficial uses of water in the great regions of the Missouri Easin and adjacent torritory. 'These laws. both state and Fedoral. havo been crystallized by tho intorpretations of our courts in many docisions, are understood by tho poople in tho area involved, are proving satisfactory. and are perpotuating their long-established privato and vosted rights in the utilization of their wator resources.1I (c) Section 29 supplies the rule of interpretation to be applied It roads: "Sec. 29. This Act shall bo liborally construod to enrry out the purposes of Congross to provide for the disposi- tion of and mako needful rules and rogulations respeeting Government proportios entrusted to the Corporation. provide for the national defense. improve navigation. control de- structive floods, and promoto interstate comrrnrce and general welfare. 11 t This section is the IIclincherll assuring conplete Federal jurisdiction over the ~e~5urces of the Columbia Basin region, This clause means that. irrespoctive of any other provision contained in the Bill to the contrary notwithstanding, any question respecting tho. Corporation's powers shall be resolved in favor of the complete Federal control of the water rosourees in order to provide for the disposition and the making of neodful rulos and regulations respocting govornment propertios und to provide fer the nntional dofense.. improve navigation, control dostructivo floods and promoto interstato comrrnrce and general wolfare. These all express Fedoral powers and make their exercise of paramount consideration. (d) Great apprehonsion has of ton boon expressed over the powor -6i!>