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3 occasions in 1996 and twice during 1997. Discharges during mapping ranged from 2,100 to <br />27,000 ft3/s. Flow patterns were divided into areas of downstream flow, and eddies which have <br />zones of flow recirculation. Eddies were demarcated as the area of channel enclosed by the <br />shoreline and the Von Karmen vortex street, generally known as an eddy fence. Areal extent of <br />eddies was determined by obtaining a vantage reasonably high above the river from which the <br />eddies were easily identified and mapped. Flow chazacteristics within the eddies were <br />determined from observations of flotsam from shore, or by direct inspection from an inflatable <br />kayak. <br />Shorelines in each of the reaches were delineated into 6 general categories; fine-grained <br />alluvium, densely-vegetated fine-grained alluvium, cobble and gravel, debris flow deposits, talus, <br />and bedrock. Because of the significance to neaz-shore habitat, densely-vegetated fine-grained <br />alluvium, where vegetation was inundated or overhanging the river, was mapped as a shoreline <br />class separate from haze fines. Vegetation occurring on coazse substrates was also mapped, but <br />because it occurred infrequently was not considered independently. The effect discharge has on <br />the relative abundance of any given shoreline habitat type was analyzed both by individual. study <br />reach and as the summation of the 4 reaches. Lengths of each shoreline class were measured in <br />each reach at 5 or 6 discharges ranging from 2,100 to 27,000 ft3/s. Total lengths of each <br />shoreline category were totaled for each reach, and divided by channel length. The resultant unit <br />lengths of each shoreline type were plotted against discharge for each reach. <br />GPS <br />Each individual air photo was geo-referenced in the field in order to transform field maps <br />into a continuous reach rnap. The coordinate position of control points on the Earth's surface <br />was obtained using ahand-held Global Positioning System (GPS). A minimum of 4 control <br />points were established on the first air photo of each reach, and each subsequent photo contained <br />enough controls to overlap with previous and subsequent photos. Control points were objects <br />that could be positively identified on the ground and photo, and were not likely to have changed <br />since the time of the photograph. Control points were typically prominent boulders and man- <br />made structures. GPS relies on the availability of navigation satellites within the visible sky. In <br />narrow canyons, narrow windows of sky may contain too few satellites to calculate positions. <br />Pathfinder software was used before mapping field trips to calculate times and locations within <br />the canyons where abundant satellites would be visible. GPS accuracy is also influenced by a <br />pre-installed error in the satellite signal which limits the accuracy tot 100 m. To eliminate this <br />error, GPS data collected in the field were compared with data collected simultaneously at a <br />base-station of known geographic location. The direction and magnitude of the pre-installed <br />error was calculated and subtracted from the field data resulting in positions accurate to f 2 m. <br />GIS Database Creation <br />Individual segments of field maps were digitized separately and entered into a GIS <br />database using Arc/Info software. Once digitized, control points in each map segment were <br />assigned coordinate values in Universal Transverse Mercator (LTTM) units. The softwaze was <br />used to organize the map segments into their correct positions in space according to the <br />coordinate values of the control points. Segments were then stitched together into one <br />A-5 <br />