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6O REFLECTIONS ON THE ACT In general, courts have been reluctant to advance a theory of property rights applicable to taking under the Fifth Amendment, preferring a pragmatic approach. A regulation that constrains the owner's desires about the degree and kind of development in order to protect a public good is legitimate, but such regulation ought not to force the owner off the land or to deprive the owner of all reasonable uses of it, especially previously existing uses. If so, it is taking. Many commentators think that the law of taking is incon- sistently applied and theoretically confused. 14. U.S. District Court, Palila v. Hawaii Dept. of Land and Natural Re- sources, 1979; 471 F. Supp. 985 (D. Hawaii 1979), aff'd, 639 F. 2nd 495 (9th Cir: 1981). 15. TVA v. Hill, 437 U.S. 174, 186. 16. State of Washington v. Dexter, 32 Wash. 2nd 551, 202 P. 2d 906 (1949), aff'd per curiam, 338 U.S. 863 (1949). References Ackerman, Bruce A. 1977. Private Property and the Constitution. New Haven: Yale University Press. Altevogt, Raymond, and Bruce MacBryde. 1977. "Endangered Plant Species." Pp. 81-91 in McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technol- ogy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Carlton, Robert L. 1986. "Property Rights and Incentives in the Preser- vation of Species." Pp. 255-267 in Bryan G. Norton (ed.), The Preser- vation ofSpecies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Eldredge, N., and J. Cracraft. 1980. Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolu- tionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press. Fisher, James, Noel Simon, Jack Vincent, and IUCN staff. 1969. Wildli fe in Danger. New York: Viking Press. Fitzgerald, Sarah Gates. 1986. "The State of the States in Plant Protec- tion." Garden 10(5):2-5, 31-32. Grant, Verne. 1981. Plant Speciation. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press. Locke, John. 1690 [1947]. Two Treatises ofCivil Government. New York: Hafner. MacBryde, Bruce. 1980. "Why Are So Few Endangered Plants Pro- tected?" American Horticulturist 59(5):29-33. McMahan, Linda. 1980. "Legal Protection for Rare Plants." American University Law Review 29:515-569.