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4 { Generallssues United States, speculate on the potential causes of these trends, and suggest re- search to extend the effectiveness of recreation forecasting in resource man- agement planning. A Typology of ~ldland Outdoor Recreation Activities Common criteria used to distinguish levels of potential interaction with wildlife among recreational activities include consumptive versus noncon- sumptive motivations, species harvested, and whether wildlife is a purposeful or incidental component of the experience. We have categorized activities on the basis of these criteria to distinguish among the potential impacts on wildlife habitats and populations. We have made a primary distinction between activities that directly depend on wildlife and those that do not. Participation in wildlife-dependent activities is contingent on the expected occurrence of wildlife in the area. In contrast, the enjoyment of nondependent activity is often enhanced by, but participation is not conditioned on, the presence of wildlife. Among wildlife-dependent activities we distinguish between consumptive and non- consumptive recreation. A final level of distinction broadly groups consump- tive activities according to species harvested. Species groupings correspond to state licensing categories and include big game, small game, and migratory bird hunting, and freshwater and saltwater fishing. In this chapter, references to "wildlife" include fish. Historical Context Public demand for outdoor recreation opportunities grew rapidly with the re- vival of the U.S. economy following World War II. Annual growth rates in the use of public parks and recreation facilities often exceeded 10% from the early postwar period through the mid-1960s (Walsh 1986). This period of rapid growth was coincident with a general rise in affluence as indicated by in- creased disposable income, increased leisure time, institutionalization of paid vacations, and transportation improvements that facilitated mobility (Clawson and Harrington 1991). Increased affluence has also been associated with the formation of a con- servation ethic (see Myers 1985; Brady 1988), so it is not surprising that the outdoor recreation boom paralleled the growth of the conservation move- ment; its beginnings were marked by the establishment of The Conservation Foundation in 1948, the Sport Fishing Institute in 1949, and The Nature Con- servanry in 1951 (Clawson and Harrington 1991). Although the concurrent evolution of conservation ethics and outdoor recreation was initially regarded as mutually beneficial, many of the goals of natural resource conservation, wilderness preservation, and provision of outdoor recreation are now viewed