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3.2.4 National Park Service The approach of the National Park Service (NPS) to management of nonnative species is founded in Congressional legislation pertaining to both the park system as a whole and to individual parks. While the enabling legislation for individual park units may contain special provisions, the Organic Act, General Authorities Act, and Redwoods National Park Act require NPS to conserve and protect park resources systemwide, while providing. for the enjoyment of those resources by the people of the United States. Where resource protection and public enjoyment purposes have been in conflict, courts have consistently determined that resource protection is the "primary goal" of the park service. Although NPS has some discretion in allowing impacts to park resources to provide for enjoyment by the public, it is prohibited from engaging in actions or allowing activities that result in impairment. Impairment is generally defined as any impact that would harm the , integrity of park resources or values, including opportunities that would otherwise be present for the enjoyment of those values or resources. These legislative mandates are implemented through regulations and NPS management policies. Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park; Currecanti National Recreation Area, Dinosaur National Monument, Canyonlands National Park, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area do not have park-specific regulations pertaining to the introduction and management of nonnative species. Service-wide regulations that may have some bearing on the management of nonnative aquatic species include 36 CFR Ch. 1 paragraph 1.5, which gives park superintendents the authority to regulate or prohibit activities that affect park resources and, more specifically, 36 CFR Ch. 1 paragraph 2.3, which prohibits the use of live bait by anglers. NPS resource management policies prohibit the introduction of nonnative species except for specific well-defined park purposes and where all feasible and prudent measures have been taken to reduce the risk of harm to park resources and resource values. Management policies call for the control and/or eradication of nonnative species -that are not managed for identified park purposes, where those species have existing or potential impacts on native species or other park resources. National Park Service Management Policies of 2001 provide specific policies with regard to harvest of plants and animals by the public, management of exotic species, introduction or maintenance of exotic species, and removal of exotic species already present. Harvest of plants and animals by the public is allowed for hunting, trapping; subsistence use, or other harvesting specifically authorized by statute or regulation. Recreational fishing if not specifically prohibited and commercial fishing is specifically authorized by statute or regulation. Stocking of fish into constructed large reservoirs or other significantly altered large water bodies is allowed to provide recreational fishing. The Park Service may stock native or exotic animals for recreational harvest purposes, but only when such stockings will not impair park natural resources or processes. The Park Service will not stock waters that are naturally barren of harvested aquatic species. Management of exotic species regulates that exotic species will not be allowed to displace- native species if displacement can be prevented. In general, new exotic species will not be'introduced into parks unless introduction meets specific identified management needs when all feasible and prudent measures to minimize the risk of harm have been taken. Introduction or maintenance of 12