|
marks or tags; and the effects of tags on the organ-
<br />isms. Emphasis is on references published from
<br />1950 to the early 1980's. In general, works pub-
<br />lished after 1970 contain most of the pertinent
<br />information needed to enable a biologist or man-
<br />ager to choose the type of mark and technique that
<br />is most appropriate.
<br />Most of the references are easily accessible
<br />through libraries. Many references on fish mark-
<br />ing published in foreign journals were omitted
<br />because they could not be readily obtained and the
<br />results or techniques discussed were similar to
<br />those obtained from studies conducted in North
<br />America. Many references for animals other than
<br />fish were found in foreign publications that can be
<br />obtained from most large library systems. In
<br />general, the references are rather evenly divided
<br />between freshwater and marine organisms. We
<br />have included four periodicals (International
<br />Marine Angler, Underwater ~'elemetry Newsletter,
<br />Marine Turtle Newsletter, and the Newsletter o f
<br />Cooperative Shark Tagging Program) in this bib-
<br />liography because they usually contain helpful
<br />information about tagging or marking.
<br />An on-line computer search was performed by
<br />using the DIALOG data base service. The files
<br />searched were BIOSIS (Biosciences Information
<br />Service, Files 5 and 55), AQUACULTURE
<br />(File 112), AQUATIC SCIENCES AND FISHER-
<br />IES ABSTRACTS (File 44-, and FISH AND
<br />WILDLIFE REFERENCE SERVICE DATA-
<br />BASE (File 957). Sets of key words (singular and
<br />plural) were combined with other key words to
<br />identify pertinent references. The first group of
<br />key words included brand, branding, clip, clipping,
<br />mark, marking, radio transmitter, tattoo, and
<br />tracking. These terms were then combined with
<br />biosystematic codes in BIOSIS that represented
<br />the following animals: abalone, alligator, clam,
<br />conch, crab, crayfish, crocodile, dolphin, fish, frog,
<br />leech, lobster, mussel, newt, octopus, oyster, por-
<br />poise, prawn, salamander, scallop, shellfish,
<br />shrimp, squid, tadpole, turtle, water snake, and
<br />whale. These key words were entered individually
<br />into the other data bases that do not have systems
<br />for coding animals. The following animals were
<br />encountered while we were developing the bibliog-
<br />raphy and are listed here to show the variety of
<br />animals that are included in the bibliography:
<br />banana slug, caiman, insects, manatee, marine
<br />sandworms and bloodworms, sea anemone, sea
<br />cucumber, sea hare, sea urchin, shark, sponges,
<br />starfish, sting ray, toad, and whelk.
<br />Selected key words were used to index the refer-
<br />ences for convenience and ease in locating the liter-
<br />ature on particular tags, marks, techniques, or fac-
<br />tors affecting the recovery of tags or marks.
<br />Although most of the key words are standard
<br />descriptive terms, the use of several for this bib-
<br />liography should be clarified. The category Chem-
<br />ical Marks includes materials such as adhesive
<br />resins, dyes, fluorescent pigments, inks, polymer
<br />injections, radioisotopes, stains, and tattoos.
<br />General Tagging includes references that offer
<br />detailed reviews on particular tagging methods or
<br />summarize many different kinds of tags, marks,
<br />and techniques. The 12 subdivisions of the cate-
<br />gory Physical Marks are mostly self-descriptive
<br />but the following should be defined: Branding
<br />includes laser and thermal marks; Vinyl Tubing
<br />Tags include all vinyl plastic tags such as cara-
<br />pace, dart, Dennison, flag anchor, herring, ribbon,
<br />roto, spaghetti, sphyrion, streamer, and toggle;
<br />Petersen Disks include bachelor button, cheek tag,
<br />Heincke stud, and other tags of the pin-and-disk
<br />type; Dangler Tags include such types as anchor,
<br />Atkins, Carlin, fingerling tags, hydrostatic, inter-
<br />nal anchor, and Lea; and Other Tags include all
<br />the other types of marks that do not fit into one
<br />of the 12 subdivisions of Physical Marks (e.g., bob-
<br />bers, chicken wire, hooks, luminescent tape, paint,
<br />paper clips, photographs, rubber bands, scars, and
<br />x-ray films). Eels (Anguilla), striped bass (Morone
<br />saxatilis), and salmon (Oncorhynchus spp. and
<br />Salmo salary were arbitrarily excluded from the
<br />category of marine fishes, and appear in the non-
<br />designated category of freshwater species.
<br />Acknowledgments
<br />We thank Joyce A. Mann, Vi Catrow, and Lora
<br />McKenzie of the National Fisheries Center's Tech-
<br />nical Information Services for their assistance in
<br />conducting computer searches for references and
<br />for obtaining the references for verification; Caro-
<br />lyn Brill for typing the manuscript; Debra L.
<br />Brown for assembling the key word index by com-
<br />puter; and Carolyn Banks for preparing the front
<br />cover.
<br />
|