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Marking and Tagging of aquatic Anama~s; ~1 YICI~@%@(~ Bib~l{~gra}~~i~ by Lee Emeryi and Richard Wydoskiz TI.S Fish and Wildlife Service Fisheries Academy National Fisheries Center-I.eetown Kearneysville, West Virginia 25~3f1 Abstract This bibliography is a compilation of selected references on the marking and tagging of aquatic animals, with special reference to information on different kinds of marks or tags that are available, techniques of application, retention or recovery of marks or tags, and the effects of marks or tags on the organism. The references are arranget~ alphabetically by author, consecutively numbered, and indexed by key words that en- able easy access to references on particular subjects. The references are about equally divided between methods of marking fish and methods of marking other aquatic animals. The marking or tagging of animals is an impor- tant technique in fishery and wildlife management. It is used in fishery management and research to obtain information on such topics as stock assess- ment, migration, behavior, age validation, mortal- ity, population size, and stocking success. All marks or tags have capabilities and limitations that must be considered in choosing a particular mark for specific purposes. The published litera- ture on this subject is extensive but has not been compiled in a readily usable form. This bibliogra- phy is a compilation of selected references that should be useful as a starting point for biologists who are planning to mark fish or other aquatic animals. Thousands of tagging operations have been con- ducted over a span of several centuries. It is uncer- 1Present address: Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Office of Hydropower Licensing, 825 N. Capitol Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20426. 2Present address: I7.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 25486, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. $0225, 3The authenticity of this tagging has been questioned. 1W. B. Scott and E. J. Grossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. $uii. 184,) twin when fish were first marked, but one of the earliest references was provided by Izaak Walton in his treatise The Compleat Angler, which was first published in 1653. In the fifth edition, Wal- ton and Cotton tiF398) described the 15th century recovery of a tagged "pike"~ and discussed Wal- ton's technique of marking fish by tying a colored ribbon to the caudal peduncle. The marking of fish and other aquatic organisms encompasses a wide variety of techniques that range from the simple, such as attaching chicken wire to an organism or mutilating fins or toes, to the much more complex, such as identifying coded wire tags with x-rays, using satellites to monitor organisms tagged with electronic devices, or branding with laser beams, The references in this bibliography were selected to include some early historical studies that sum- marized the literature available at that time, or provided the first record of use of a specific mark or application technique. ©thers-such as those on radio and sonic tags-concern the use of these devices on a variety of fish and other aquatic animals. However, most of the references concern the different kinds of tags that are available; tech- niques of application, retention, and recovery of