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SUMMARY ~ toration plans and programs. States should consider establishing trust funds for environmental restoration and protection. The Clean Lakes Program (CLP) administered by EPA has been the most reli- able source of grant support for lake restoration efforts. This program should receive stable administrative support and increased funding from Congress. The 1991 appropriation for the CLP was $8 million. Although this amount will help to maintain or initiate a few lake restoration programs, it is inadequate for the large task of lake resto- ration facing the country. This program's mandate should be broad- ened to include all aspects of lake ecosystems, including habitat res- toration, elimination of undesirable species, and restoration of native species. Knowledge of the current ecological condition of the nation's lakes is grossly inadequate, and a national assessment of lakes is necessary to determine the severity and extent of damage and to measure changes in their status. The CLP should increase support of research and development of effective tools for restoration, and should continue guiding states in developing lake restoration programs. The federal government should support research and development for demonstration watershed-scale restorations that integrate lake, stream, and wetland components. Research could be coordinated under an interagency program, such as the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology, to coordinate the selection, planning, and evaluation of demonstration projects. Although many techniques are available to restore lakes, further development is re- quired to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. The research and development programs in lake restoration should take an experi- mental approach, emphasizing controlled manipulation of whole-lake ecosystems or large in-lake enclosures. Research and development programs in applied limnology are needed to study • improved techniques for littoral zone and aquatic macrophyte management; • biomanipulation (food web management); • contaminant cleanup in lakes, especially for mercury and poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); • the relationships between loadings of stress-causing substances and responses of lakes; • paleolimnological approaches to restoration; and • prediction of lake trophic state from nutrient loading relation- ships.