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-11- <br />how the authors arrived at their bold, box-enclosed <br />statements even after inspection of the supporting <br />appendixes. <br />Unclear Objectives <br />The goals and objectives presented in the GCES <br />were articulated vaguely, they were inconsistent <br />across individual studies, and they often confused <br />science and policy. They seemed to be more <br />strongly related to the missions of the <br />participating agencies than to understanding how <br />the controlled hydrologic regime of the river <br />influenced downstream resources. For example, the <br />National Park Service emphasized "naturalness," and <br />the Arizona Game and Fish Department emphasized a <br />sport fishery based on trout. The GCES did not <br />carefully identify the resource uses and the <br />boundaries of the study, especially as related to <br />the missions of the agencies responsible for <br />management. Potential management strategies <br />(called operational scenarios) were limited in the <br />original research design and were stated in such a <br />way that the GCES scientists assumed that only one <br />management strategy could be employed without <br />adjustments through time (i.e., management strategy <br />is assumed immutable). <br />These shortcomings in the early planning stages <br />precluded orderly progress toward integration of <br />information. The problems they caused grew until <br />the GCES scientists experienced great difficulty <br />producing an integrated report at the end of the <br />study. <br />Future work by the Department of the Interior <br />should seek to <br />• establish specific objectives, establish the <br />geographic zone of potential effects, and identify <br />resource uses and values <br />• set proper boundaries for the study <br />