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-3- <br />GCES investigations, or, that by limiting the <br />scope, unwanted options would not be examined. <br />• Inadequate consideration of management <br />options. For example, questions to consider <br />include what are the costs of operational changes <br />in terms of lost power revenues and what are the <br />gains from meeting management goals in regard to <br />downstream resources? <br />• Uncertain conversion of the research results <br />into management options. <br />• Failure to identify the rationale for <br />assigning values to downstream resources so <br />management goals could be set. Thus, the GCES <br />researchers have not reached (could not reach) firm <br />conclusions about the operation of the dam. <br />Although the final draft GCES report recommends <br />several options, this committee believes that, only <br />those calling for additional work are justified. <br />Therefore, the GOES effort was a mix of success and <br />failure. The committee believes that, despite the <br />obvious inadequacies of the GCES, useful new <br />knowledge has been gained which can serve as the <br />basis for future work by the Department of the <br />Interior. The committee believes that management <br />of resources is feasible but it demands ecological <br />understanding. Such understanding in this case <br />will require sustained research because (1) <br />management of the Colorado River will make use of <br />the control afforded by the dam, (2) the river <br />ecosystem is in disequilibrium because of the dam <br />construction itself, and thus (3) operational <br />decisions will require continuous checking to <br />confirm that the desired effects are being <br />achieved. <br />To achieve this level of understanding, managers <br />must make new commitments to involve scientists in <br />the development of management strategies. <br />Scientists have been willing to be involved, but <br />unfortunately are often seen by managers as <br />"gadflies." The margin for error is shrinking as <br />management goals become more complex and the <br />effects of mistakes extend further and last <br />