8093

• UCREFRP Catalog Number: 8093
• Author: Natural Resources Law Center.
• Title: Instream Flow Protection In The West - Revised Edition - 1993.
• USFW Year: 1993.
• USFW - Doc Type: \
• Copyright Material: NO

Ward v. Mulford, 32 Cal. 365 (Cal. 1867); People v. Gold Run Ditch & Mining
Co., 4 P. 1152 (Cat 1884); People ex. int. Webb v. California Fish Co., 138 P. 79
(Cat 1913); Colberg, Inc. v. State ex reI. Department of Public Works, 432 P.2d 3
(Cal. 1967), cert. denied 390 U.S. 949 (1968); Marks v. Whitney, 491 P.2d 374 (Cat
1971); Hitchings v. Del Rio Woods Recreation & Park Dist., 55 Cat App. 3d 560
(1976); People ex reI. Younger v. County of EI Dorado, 96 Cal. App. 3d 403
(1979); City of Berkeley v. Superior Court of Alameda County, 606 P.2d 362
(Cal.), cert. denied 449 U.S. 840 (1980); State v. Superior Court of Lake County,
625 P.2d 239 (Cat), cert. denied 454 U.S. 865, rehearing denied 545 U.S. 1094
(1981). State v. Superior Court of Placer County, 625 P.2d 256 (Cat), cert. denied
454 U.S. 865, rehearing denied 454 U.S. 1094 (1981); National Audubon Society v.
Superior Court of Alpine County, 658 P.2d 709 (Cal.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 977
(1983); Truckee Donner Public Utility Dist. v. County of Nevada, No. 35920
(Superior Court of Cat 1988).
People v. Emmert, 597 P.2d 1025 (Cot 1979)
Robinson v. Ariyoshi, 658 P.2d 287 (Haw. 1982), reconsideration denied, 726 P.2d
1133 (1983).
Kootenai Environmental Alliance, Inc. v. Panhandle Yacht Club, Ine., 671 P.2d
1085 (Idaho 1983); Shokal v. Dunn, 707 P.2d 441 (Idaho 1985); In the Matter of
Application for Permit to Appropriate Water No. 36-7200 (Idaho Department of
Water Resources July 22, 1987).
Montana Coalition for Stream Access, Inc. v. Curran, 682 P.2d 163 (Mont. 1984);
Montana Coalition for Stream Access, Inc. v. Hildreth, 684 P.2d 1088 (Mont.
1984); Galt v. State of Montana By and Through Dep't of Fish, Wildlife and
Parks, 731 P.2d 912 (Mont. 1987).
Crawford Co. v. Hathaway, 93 N.W. 781 (Neb. 1903); Kirk v. State Bd. of
Irrigation, 134 N. W. 167 (Neb. 1912).
United Plainsmen Ass'n. v. North Dakota Water Conservation Comm'n, 247
N. W.2d 457 (N.D. 1976).
Morse v. Oregon Div. of State Lands, 590 P.2d 709 (Or. 1979).
Flisrand v. Madson, 152 N.W. 796 (S. D. 1915).
J.J.N.P. Co. v. State, by and through Div. of Wildlife Resources, 655 P.2d 1133
(Utah 1982).
Stempel v. Department of Water Resources, 508 P.2d 166 (Wash. 1973); Caminiti
v. Boyle, 732 P.2d 989 (Wash. 1987); Orion Corp. v. State, 747 P.2d 1062 (Wash.
1987).
Day v. Armstrong, 362 P.2d 137, 152 (Wyo. 1961).

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I'
I
'I
I

For instance, every western state (save Colorado) which as addressed the issue has recognized
some form of public trust doctrine. E.g., Shokal v. Dunn, 707 P.2d 441 (1985); National Audubon
Society v. Superior Court of Alpine County, 658 P.2d 709 (Cal. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 977
(1983). Taken to its extreme, the public trust doctrine has the potential to transfer privately
owned water rights to instream uses-without compensation. Sax, Some Thoughts on the Decline of
Private Property, 58 WASH. L REV. 481 (1983).

15.

For an overview of the public trust, its historical roots, and present day issues, see generally Joseph
L Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resources Law, 68 MICH. L REv. 471 (1970); Lazarus,
Changing Conceptions of Property and Sovereignty in Natural Resources: Questioning the Public Trust
Doctrine, 71 IOWA L REv. 631 (1986); Dunning, The Public Trust Doctrine and Western Water Law,
30 RocKY MTN. MIN. L lNST. 17-1 (1985). A summary of public trust doctrine cases follows:

California

Colorado
Hawaii

Idaho

Montana

Nebraska

N. Dakota

Ore eon
S. Dakota
Utah

Washinl!ton

Wvominl!

2-16