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Contents v Factors Contributing to Successful Recruitment .................................................................44 Predation Is the Issue ...............................................................................................................46 Cibola High levee Pond Future ...............................................................................................46 Mana g e me nt PI an.... ............ ............................ ....................................................... ........ .48 Mana g e me nt 0 ptions ............................................................... .......... ............................ .48 Physical Habitat Improvements .....................................................................................49 Chapter 3. Oxbow Communities: The Missing Key to Recovery? .......................................................50 Historic a I Evi de nc e .. .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .................. ...... ...... .... .... .50 A Need and an Opportunity ..............................................................................................................51 The 0 pportunity ......... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .... .... ...... .... .... ........ .... ..... .... .... .......... .............. ...... .... .... .51 Research and Management Roles ..................................................................................................52 What is Rea listi c? ........ ............................................................................... .................................. .... .52 Cu rre nt Status . .... .... ...... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ....... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ......... ... .... .... .......... .... .52 Mana g e me nt Issues ............. ................................................ ......... .......................................... .52 New Sa nctua ries .............. ........................................................................................... ...................... .53 Key Features for Sanctuary Habitats ..............................................................................................53 Size and Depth ...........................................................................................................................53 D ra ina ge .. .............. ...... .... .... .... .... .... ......... ........ ... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... ..... ....... ..... ... .... .............. .53 Ae ratio n/Circ u lation ................................................................................................................. .53 Cove r .... .... ................ .... .... ..... ... .... .......... .......... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .................... .... .............. .53 Spawn i n g Req u ire me nt ............................................ ............ ......... .......................................... .53 o rientatio n .. .... ............ .... .... .... .... .... ................. ... .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... ............ ..... ....... .............. .53 Ac knowl ed g me nts ............................................................................................... .............................. ........ .55 Refe ren c es Cited . .... .... .... ........ .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .... .......... .... .... ..... ... .... .... ..... .... ................ .... .... .............. .55 Figures 1. General map of Colorado River Basin located in the southwestern United States ....................3 2. Aerial photograph of Dexter National Fish Hatchery and Technology Center's rearing ponds located near Dexter, New Mexico .............................................................................................4 3. Aerial photograph of Ouray National Fish Hatchery located near Vernal, Utah .........................5 4. Aerial view of Wahweap State Fish Hatchery located near Blue Water, Utah ...........................5 5. Aerial view of Willow Beach National Fish hatchery located downstream of Hoover Dam at Willow Beach, Arizona ................................................................................................................6 6. Diagram showing the origin of small fish or broodstock for major facilities propagating razorback sucker in the Colorado River Basin ........................................................................7 7. Comparison of razorback sucker stocking size compared with actual first year survival ........8 8. Photograph of an ancient rock fish trap located near the Salton Sea, California .......................9 9. Trammel nets are the standard method of capturing bonytail in lake Mohave ........................10 10. Tom Burke, Bureau of Reclamation, refined hand-collection techniques for razorback sucker la rva e ........................................................................................................................................... .11 11. U.S. Geological Survey biologists drain the contents of a floating light trap for future exa mi nati ons '" ........................................................ ................ ................................................... .11 12. Razorback sucker captured from CHlP exhibiting a spinal deformity ........................................12