|
<br />606
<br />
<br />BULKLEY AND PIMENTEL
<br />
<br />impoundment temperatures ranged from 1.7 to
<br />10 C. These temperatures were well below the
<br />lower avoidance temperatures of 8.0 to 14.7 C
<br />that we calculated. Razorback suckers were no
<br />longer captured from the dam downstream 105
<br />km to the confluence with the warmer Yampa
<br />River. Below the confluence, where 1964 mean
<br />summer water temperature was 16,9 C and mean
<br />monthly temperatures ranged from 15,0 to 18.9
<br />C during June-September (USGS 1964), ra-
<br />zorback suckers were still found.
<br />
<br />Conclusions
<br />Information presented in this paper provides
<br />design criteria for water-use projects affecting
<br />the temperature of water inhabited by razor-
<br />back suckers. Studies comparing temperature
<br />preferences of fish in the laboratory and in the
<br />field indicate that laboratory data usually can
<br />be extrapolated reliably to wild fish (Neill and
<br />Magnuson 1974; Stauffer et al. 1975; Magnu-
<br />son et al. 1979). Water temperatures of 22.9 to
<br />24.8 C during the summer should be optimum,
<br />therefore, for adult razorback suckers. Tem-
<br />peratures much above 29 C probably will be
<br />avoided if lower temperatures are available.
<br />Water temperatures lower than about 12 C dur-
<br />ing the summer evidently will be avoided also,
<br />Hence, alterations in water temperature outside
<br />these values should not be allowed in new water-
<br />development projects in the Colorado River
<br />drainage if preservation of habitat for the ra-
<br />zorback sucker is a consideration,
<br />
<br />Acknowledgments
<br />
<br />We thank William W. Reynolds, of the Bio-
<br />thermal Research Institute, Wyoming, Penn-
<br />sylvanna and Lynn R. Kaeding, of the Colorado
<br />River Fishery Project, United States Fish and
<br />Wildlife Service, for reviewing an early draft of
<br />this paper. Funds for the project came from the
<br />Fish and Wildlife Service Colorado River Fish-
<br />ery Project and the Bureau of Reclamation. This
<br />project was administered by the Utah Cooper-
<br />ative Fishery Research Unit. The Unit is jointly
<br />sponsored by the Utah Division of Wildlife Re-
<br />sources, Utah State University, and United
<br />States Fish and Wildlife Service,
<br />
<br />References
<br />
<br />BEHNKE, R,]., AND D. E. BENSON. 1980. Endangered
<br />and threatened fishes of the upper Colorado Riv-
<br />er basin, Colorado State University Cooperative
<br />
<br />Extension Service Bulletin 503A, Fort Collins,
<br />Colorado, USA.
<br />BEITINGER, T. L, AND L C. FITZPATRICK, 1979.
<br />Physiological and ecological correlates of pre-
<br />ferred temperature in fish. American Zoologist
<br />19:319-329,
<br />BEITINGER, T. L, AND]. J. MAGNUSON. 1976, Low
<br />thermal responsiveness in the bluegill, Lepomis
<br />macrochirus. Journal of the Fisheries Research
<br />Board of Canada 33:293-295.
<br />BULKLEY, R, V., C, R. BERRY, R, PIMENTEL, AND T.
<br />BLACK. 1981. Tolerance and preferences of Col-
<br />orado River endangered fishes to selected habitat
<br />parameters. United States Fish and Wildlife Ser-
<br />vice, Completion Report, Contract 14-16-0008-
<br />1061 A-2, Utah Cooperative Fishery Research
<br />Unit, Logan, Utah, USA,
<br />CHERRY, D, S., K. L DICKSON, AND]. CAINS,JR, 1975.
<br />Temperatures selected and avoided by fish at var-
<br />ious acclimation temperatures. Journal of the
<br />Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32:485-491.
<br />COUTANT, C, C. 1975, Temperature selection by fish:
<br />a factor in powerplant impact assessments, Pages
<br />575-597 in Environmental effects of cooling sys-
<br />tems at nuclear powerplants, International Atomic
<br />Energy Agency, IAEA-SMI87 /11, Vienna, Aus-
<br />tria,
<br />CRAWSHAW, L I. 1977, Physiological and behavioral
<br />reactions of fishes to temperature change, Jour-
<br />nal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
<br />24:730-734,
<br />DOUDOROFF, P. 1942. The resistance and acclima-
<br />tion of fishes to temperature changes. Biological
<br />Bulletin (Woods Hole) 83:219-244.
<br />EDWARDS, R,]. 1978, The effect of hypolimnion res-
<br />ervoir releases on fish distribution and species
<br />diversity, Transactions ofthe American Fisheries
<br />Society 107:71-77.
<br />FRY, F. E.]. 1947, Effects of the environment on
<br />animal activity, University of Toronto Studies,
<br />Biological Series Publication 55, Ontario Fish-
<br />eries Research Laboratory 68, Toronto, Canada,
<br />GIATTINA,]. D., AND R. R, GARTON. 1982. Graphical
<br />model of thermoregulatory behavior by fishes with
<br />a new measure of eurythermality. Canadian J our-
<br />nal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:524-
<br />528,
<br />GRIFFITH.]. S, 1978, Effects of low temperature on
<br />the survival and behavior of threadfin shad, Dor-
<br />osoma petenense. Transactions of the American
<br />Fisheries Society 107:63-79,
<br />GUYTON, A. C. 1966, Textbook of medical physi-
<br />ology, W, B, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylva-
<br />nia, USA,
<br />HOLDEN, P. B, 1978, A study of the habitat and
<br />movement of the rare fishes in the Green River,
<br />Utah, Pages 64-89 in Transactions ofthe Bonne-
<br />ville Chapter, American Fisheries Society, vol-
<br />ume I, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA,
<br />HUBBS, C., AND]. PICG. 1976. The effects of im-
<br />poundments on threatened fishes of Oklahoma.
<br />
<br />'I
<br />
<br />.i-
<br />I
<br />
<br />J'
<br />
<br />...IIIIl
<br />
|