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7/14/2009 5:02:34 PM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
8273
Author
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Title
Guidelines for Interpretation of the Biological Effects of Selected Constituents in Biota, Water, and Sediment.
USFW Year
1998.
USFW - Doc Type
\
Copyright Material
NO
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<br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />( <br /> <br />Int.-{)ducti{)n <br /> <br />) <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />The guidelines, criteria, and other information <br />in this volume were originally compiled for <br />use by personnel conducting studies for the <br />Department of the Interior's National <br />Irrigation Water Quality Program (NIWQP). <br />The purpose of these studies is to identify and <br />address irrigation-induced water quality and <br />contamination problems associated with any <br />of the Department's water projects in the <br />Western States. When NIWQP scientists <br />submit samples of water, soil, sediment, eggs, <br />or animal tissue for chemical analysis, they <br />face a challenge in determining the sig- <br />nificance of the analytical results. How much <br />of a given chemical constituent is "normal" in <br />the tested medium? How much is unusually <br />high? What adverse effects-if any-may <br />result from the reported concentration? <br />Studies that address these questions are <br />myriad: they are widely scattered in the <br />literature, they use many different approaches <br />and testing protocols, and they yield greatly <br />varying-and sometimes contradictory- <br />results. The chapters in this volume are <br />intended to: (1) identify the most important, <br />most relevant studies for several "constituents <br />of concern" that are commonly encountered in <br />environments affected by irrigation drainage; <br />(2) present a sampling of notable results from <br />these studies in tables organized according to <br />tested medium; (3) explain further, in the <br />accompanying text, the significance of these <br />results; and (4) give full and accurate <br />references to the original studies, for those <br />who desire more detailed information. <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />Although this volume is targeted for scientific <br />specialists, it may also be of interest to <br />government officials, farmers, ranchers, <br />conservationists, reporters, and anyone else <br />interested in the environmental health of <br />freshwater ecosystems. These readers may <br />find the glossary in Appendix II especially <br />helpful. <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />The limitations of This Volume <br /> <br />It is important to note five limitations on the <br />material presented here: <br /> <br />(1) Out of the hundreds of substances known <br />to affect wetlands and water bodies, this <br />volume focuses on only nine constituents <br />or properties commonly identified during <br />NIWQP studies in the Western United <br />States-salinity, DOT, and the trace <br />elements arsenic, boron, copper, mercury, <br />molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. <br />Financial and time restraints do not allow <br />consideration of other contaminants at <br />this time. <br /> <br />(2) For the most part, these are only guide- <br />lines, merely reports of toxic effects that <br />were noted for certain concentrations in <br />particular circumstances. Individual. <br />constituents may be more or less toxlC at <br />other sites or for other species, depending <br />on many factors. Some of these com- <br />plicating factors are described in the. <br />following section on data interpretatIon, <br />which readers are urged to review before <br />attempting to apply these guidelines. <br /> <br />(3) Caution is particularly appropriate in <br />using the summary tables (the first <br />numbered table in each of the chapters). <br />These are designed to give only a general <br />indication of concentrations that may be <br />troublesome in various types of media. In <br />some cases the "no effect" and "threshold" <br />values for a class of organisms have been <br />distilled from hundreds of individual <br />studies of the diverse species that make <br />up the class. In other cases, we have had <br />to rely on only a handful of studies to set <br />tentative values for the entire class. <br />Readers should make no final, formal <br />decisions regarding the toxicity of <br /> <br />8 <br />
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