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<br />890
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<br />WOODWARD ET AL.
<br />
<br />TABLE I.-Survival and mean (SD) growth in length
<br />and weight of the mayfly Hexagenia bilineata, fat-
<br />head minnows, and Colorado squaw fish during 30 d
<br />of exposure to spent shale leachate.
<br />Leach- 15 d 30 d
<br />ale con-
<br />cenlra- Sur- Sur-
<br />lion vival Length vival Lenglh Weight
<br />(%) (%) (mm) (%) (mm) (mg)
<br /> Mayflies
<br />0 100 12 (2.0) 95 13 (2,1)
<br />3 95 12 (2.2) 85 13 (2.1)
<br />6 90 13 (1.7) 70. 13 (1.8)
<br />13 80. 12 (2,0) 70. 13 (1.5)
<br />25 65" II (1.9) 40" 13 (2.3)
<br /> Fathead minnows
<br />0 100 13 (1.3) 100 18 (2.6) 52 (20)
<br />3 96 13 (1.4) 96 17 (2.4) 50 (17)
<br />6 96 13 (L8) 96 16 (2.8)b 4 I (20)b
<br />13 90 13 (1.5) 88" 15 (2.9)b 35 (22)b
<br />25 96 12 (1.2)b 88. 12 (2,2)b 15 (7.1)b
<br /> Colorado squaw fish
<br />0 63 15 (2.0) 56 21 (2.8) 83 (25)
<br />3 49 15 (2.1) 43 20 (3.1) 86 (26)
<br />6 55 15 (1.6) 53 20 (2.8) 88 (25)
<br />13 32. 14 (1.5) 27" 21 (3.6) 80 (34)
<br />25 20. 15 (1.7) 15. 20 (3.7) 70 (25)
<br />" Significanlly different from controls (x2 test, P .:s 0,05).
<br />b Significantly different from controls (least significant dif-
<br />ference test, P .:s 0.05).
<br />
<br />column (temperature programmed: 4 min at 650C,
<br />increasing at 70/min to 250oC) in conjunction
<br />with a flame ionization detector for aromatic hy-
<br />drocarbons (hexamethy]benzene as internal
<br />standard) and a nitrogen-phosphorus detector for
<br />nitrogen-containing compounds (benzanilide as
<br />internal standard). Nitrogen-containing com-
<br />
<br />pounds were quantified with a response factor
<br />based on a quinoline standard.
<br />
<br />Fish Analysis
<br />
<br />Fish samples were frozen until analyzed, Prior
<br />to analysis, each treatment sample was split into
<br />two equal subsamp]es. One aliquot was freeze-
<br />dried, ground into a fine powder (<40 mesh).
<br />and dissolved in concentrated HN03 (Ultrex")
<br />in a sealed Parr@ bomb. After dilution to 2 M
<br />HN03, elemental analysis was performed by in-
<br />ductive coupled plasma spectroscopy. SpecifiC
<br />organic analyses were performed on the second
<br />frozen aliquot after digestion under reflux in 5
<br />M NaOH and heptane at 900C for] h and final
<br />extraction into heptane. After the heptane was
<br />concentrated under a stream of nitrogen, each
<br />sample was subjected to gas chromatographic
<br />analysis for aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrogen
<br />compounds as described for water analysis. _
<br />
<br />Results
<br />
<br />The spent shale leachate sample had the fe,-
<br />lowing characteristics: pH, 8.4; conductivI::,
<br />]4,500 ~S/cm; alkalinity, 360 mglL; and hal,:
<br />ness, 8,760 mglL. The leachate was not acl.((.':'
<br />toxic to fathead minnows and only slightly iO',e'
<br />to Daphnia magna, As judged by the pen:,:,.
<br />leachate concentration in dilution water, the 9., ;:
<br />LC50 for fathead minnows exceeded 100%, Hi!.l
<br />the 48-h LC50 for D, magna was 77%.
<br />Compared with organisms in the control
<br />concentration), daphnid reproduction was
<br />nificantly greater (P ::; 0,05) in the] 3%, 6%,
<br />3% test preparations at days] 4 and 2], The n.
<br />
<br />TABLE 2. - Mean (SD) water quality characteristics of test dilutions of spent shale leachate during partial-ci!!~'! ie
<br />toxicity tests with aquatic invertebrates and fishes.
<br />
<br />Leachate
<br />concen tra- Conductivity Total dissolved Hardness Alkalinity
<br />tion(%) ("S/cm) solids (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) pH
<br /> In .ertebrates
<br />0 700 (12) 320 (73) 302 (8.9) 256 (7.8) 8.0 (0,1,
<br />3 1,240 (30) 750 (116) 544 (14) 260 (4.9) 8.1 (0,;
<br />6 1,800 (12) 1,230 (47) 798 (39) 264 (1.1) 8,1 (0.1
<br />13 2,950 (44) 2,270 (94) 1,296 (58) 270 (3.5) 8.2 (0,1)
<br />25 4,950 (33) 4,370 (62) 2,345 (86) 278 (5.5) 8.3 (0,1'
<br /> Fishes
<br />0 480 (12) 300 (26) 171 (4,1) 195 (8,1) 8,0 (0,;'
<br />3 1,080 (37) 820 (50) 428 (14) 204 (2.0) 8,0 (O,,~)
<br />6 1,680 (58) 1,420 (75) 721 (28) 207 (2.2) 8.1 (0.2:
<br />13 2,750 (115) 2,610 (202) 1,272 (66) 216 (4.0) 8.2 (0,:;
<br />25 4,650 (200) 4,800 (373) 2,421 (214) 234 (3,6) 8.3 (0,2)
<br />
<br />TABLE 3.-M
<br />during pari
<br />
<br />
<br />Leach-
<br />ate
<br />concen-
<br />tration
<br />(%) B
<br />
<br />o 0,16
<br />(0,0)
<br />6 0,19
<br />(0,0)
<br />25 0.29
<br />(0,01)
<br />100 0,65
<br />(0,01)
<br />
<br />
<br />'~;
<br />
<br />ber of young
<br />both the cont
<br />adverse bio]o
<br />flies and both
<br />leachate (Tab
<br />was reduced (
<br />at day 30 in c
<br />greater. Survi
<br />head minnow:
<br />responses and
<br />preparation, 5
<br />from the cont
<br />(3%) were not
<br />In chronic
<br />characteristics
<br />b]e 2) were siJ:
<br />tion with labor
<br />ent in the di
<br />hardness were 1
<br />would be expe,
<br />',," strength ]eacha
<br />J jor ions in expo
<br />over the COurst
<br />nitrite were exc
<br />i,',;' nitrate concent
<br />centrations incI
<br />,~ teria] activity,
<br />~ was always belc
<br />Concentratiol
<br />fish tissue indic
<br />aqueous concen
<br />sorbed and retai
<br />tions to this W{
<br />direct corre]atio
<br />centration in bOl
<br />element that wa
<br />concentrated by
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