|
<br />
<br />~
<br />
<br />:;Imetcrs al
<br />:d shale fe',
<br />Iysimctn,
<br />) State 1:111,
<br />isposal SIt<'
<br />IlIowell t 11,
<br />t shale PIle-
<br />, COmpllSl\l'
<br />had rit!>__,
<br />thick, '[11
<br />2 to 11.13\ J
<br />WYOllli,,~
<br />held in h',
<br />s. We th,"
<br />d 800 1. .
<br />
<br />
<br />TOXICITY OF LEACHATES FROM RETORTED OIL SHALE
<br />
<br />nids were exposed in 1-L chambers, mayflies in
<br />2-L chambers; each replicate received 250 mL
<br />of exposure solution every 30 min. Fish were
<br />exposed in 15-L tanks; each replicate received
<br />500 mL of exposure solution at 30-min intervals
<br />in 15- L exposure tanks. Invertebrates were tested
<br />in Columbia, fish in Jackson; all test tempera-
<br />tures were maintained within 10 of 20oC.
<br />.. Reproduction studies with daphnids were be-
<br />t7.
<br />~ gun by placing 10 neonates (less than 24 hold)
<br />~ in each test chamber. Young were removed daily
<br />and numbers of young per adult were reported
<br />on days 14 and 21. Ten mayfly nymphs were
<br />stocked in each test chamber, which also con-
<br />tained glass tube substrates, The nymphs were
<br />acclimated in the substrates for 48 h before test-
<br />ing began. Fathead minnows, 16 d posthatch,
<br />and Colorado squawfish, 20 d posthatch, were
<br />stocked in each replicate test tank. Dead inver-
<br />tebrates and fish were counted and removed dai-
<br />ly. Total-length measurements were made on days
<br />15 and 30 for mayflies and on day 15 for fish by
<br />a modification of Martin's (1967) photographic
<br />method. Actual length and weight of fish were
<br />measured on day 30, Exposure was continued
<br />until leachate was gone or until 76 d to allow
<br />tadditional time for accumulation of chemical
<br />,constituents into fish tissue. Survival among ex-
<br />posure groups was compared by binomial chi-
<br />, square tests, and lengths and weights were ana-
<br />lyzed by analysis of variance and multiple means
<br />comparison tests (least significant difference,
<br />Snedecor 1965).
<br />
<br />'~esl.\
<br />
<br />
<br />s were i'c.
<br />ithead r
<br />_~n lJUI)IiI..
<br />larVae (!'
<br />Ich 10\1"
<br />:ate hc~'",'
<br />posure ,:
<br />,1cen Ira l" '
<br />4and ,f
<br />.va teL
<br />lehatc l. [
<br />\1, Teml"
<br />admmi"
<br />iod or ,I
<br />:xpenn:
<br />red to i,l",'
<br />Itions I:,
<br />e of tr;JT'"
<br />:culatc r
<br />~ test cr.,
<br />'man-K,',
<br />
<br />General Chemistry and Sampling
<br />Routine monitoring of water quality followed
<br />standard methods (APHA et al. 1980): temper-
<br />ature, calibrated thermometer; pH, standardized
<br />Corning4 Model 10 pH meter or Orion Model
<br />- 901 with hydrogen ion electrode; dissolved oxy-
<br />,gen, Winkler-calibrated YSI Model 54 dissolved
<br />oxygen meter; conductivity, calibrated Extech
<br />Mode1440 or Altex Model RC-16 conductivity
<br />meter; and total ammonia, Orion Model 407 A
<br />tor 90 I meter equipped with a selective-ion am-
<br />',monia probe. Alkalinity and hardness were de-
<br />,termined by titration, Total dissolved solids
<br />I (TDS) were determined gravimetrically from the
<br />{filterable residue with a 0.45-~m filter. Temper-
<br />
<br />:oxicitv '
<br />
<br />linno\",,;
<br />i1ied r'
<br />
<br />kung,; :'
<br />sh. F;;,
<br />25% }(';1,'
<br />
<br />then ,';
<br />
<br />JTI bv "
<br />'%. \~[
<br />
<br />000;0 d,; :
<br />'.::ated, I:;,
<br />
<br />4 Reference to trade names or manufacturers does
<br />not imply government endorsement of commercial
<br />products,
<br />
<br />ature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity were
<br />measured daily; all other determinations were
<br />made weekly.
<br />Analyses for inorganic and organic carbon in
<br />exposure water were made on days 1, 15,29,43,
<br />and 71. Samples for inorganic analyses (30 mL)
<br />were taken from the 25%, 6%, and 0% leachate
<br />concentrations and stored in plastic bottles, Sam-
<br />ples for organic carbon (30 mL) were taken from
<br />all five concentrations and stored in glass vials
<br />with Teflon-lined caps. Determinations for se-
<br />lected nitrogen-containing organics in water were
<br />made on days 1, 37, and 73 from the 25% and
<br />0% preparations. Triplicate samples (I L) were
<br />extracted with methylene chloride and stored in
<br />amber glass bottles with Teflon-lined caps. Spe-
<br />cific inorganic and organic components were
<br />analyzed in fathead minnows and Colorado
<br />squawfish sampled from all concentrations on
<br />day 76. Triplicate samples of Jackson well water
<br />and raw leachate were analyzed for specific in-
<br />organics, organic carbon, and selected nitrogen-
<br />containing organics before the test. All water
<br />samples and extracts were stored and shipped at
<br />40C; fish samples were stored and shipped frozen
<br />from Jackson to Battelle Pacific Northwest Lab-
<br />oratories for analysis.
<br />
<br />Water Analysis
<br />
<br />Water samples were filtered (0,22 ~m) and sep-
<br />arate aliquots were prepared for specific analysis.
<br />We used a Dionex@ Model 16 ion chromato-
<br />graph (IC) with a normal ASI column to measure
<br />F, Cl, N03, P04, and S04 and a Dionex@ L20
<br />brine column to measure SCN and S203' fluo-
<br />ride was spot-checked with an ion-selective elec-
<br />trode (Orion@ 96-09) to assure the validity of
<br />the IC determinations. Nitrite (N02) was ana-
<br />lyzed colorimetrically by the automated diazo-
<br />tizing method for nitrate but with the omission
<br />of the reduction step (APHA et al. 1980), Two
<br />aliquots, one acidified as previously described to,
<br />0.25 M HC1, were subjected to total elemental
<br />analysis in a Jarrell@ Ash Model 975 inductive
<br />coupled plasma emission spectrometer. Organic
<br />and inorganic carbon were analyzed by a Dohr-
<br />mann @ DC-80 carbon analyzer.
<br />Specific organic compounds were extracted
<br />from 1-L aqueous aliquots with methylene chlo-
<br />ride and concentrated to about 1 mL under a
<br />stream of nitrogen, Individual samples were ana-
<br />lyzed on a Hewlett Packard@ 5880 gas chro-
<br />matograph fitted with a 50-m quartz capillary
<br />
<br />889
<br />
|