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346 CHAPTER 14 Table 14.2 Fishes managed usmg biological control. Values glvcn for each rank are percentages. Rank" Species 2 Gizzard shad 39 4 Yellow perch 18 3 4 Sunfish 9 36 29 Common carp 6 18 17 Other cyprinids 9 II 4 Suckers 6 II 8 Bullheads II Crappie 3 4 White perch 3 7 4 Threadfin shad 3 4 Alewife 3 4 Brook trout 13 Tilapia 3 4 "Ranked in order of importance by state and provincial agencies in response to a 1988 questionnaire. Quantitative results of predator stocking as a biological control are scarce (Hall 1985). Most predator-prey interaction studies in large reservoirs have been confined to single species or a few species. The complex interactions of total fish communities has not been adequately studied. Typically, aquatic organisms are introduced to solve local or regional problems. However, recent studies demonstrate that introduced fish can eliminate native species, reduce survival and growth rates of established species, or change the structure of the fish community (see Chapter 12). Furthermore, introductions of nonnative species may impact endangered species (see Chapter 15). Gizzard shad, yellow perch, sunfish, common carp, and other minnows, are the primary fishes being controlled by biological methods (Table 14.2). The primary species that are used as predators to control undesirable species or forage species include largemouth bass, walleye, northern pike, striped bass. white bass x striped bass hybrids, and muskellunge (Table 14.3). Table 14.3 Species that are used as predators in biological control programs. Values given for each rank are percentages. Rank" Species 2 3 Largemouth bass 26 27 27 Walleye 23 7 25 Northern pike 13 7 4 Striped bass 10 \3 7 Striped bass hybrids 10 20 13 Muskellunge 6 7 17 Trout 6 7 7 Salmon 3 4 Channel catfish 3 7 Flathead catfish 6 Smallmouth bass 6 Peacock bass 4 "Ranked in order of importance by state and provincial agencies in response to a 1988 questionnaire.