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parts of streams) that hart good habi4~t and good u•out reproduction, and (3) as of 1984, on some of those sn-eants, the setting of especially restrictive an- gling rules, so as to provide for catch (not necessarily creeling) of more fish and larger" Etch. On other w-tld tCOn[ streams, thf: Commission applied the less resrictive statewide trout fishing regulations. The statewide rules were adjusted (a raised size limit and length- ened season) in 1984 to accommodate and promote improved angling values. Results have been gratifiing (Figure 1)..~t Fishing Creek, a n-otuitain lime- stone sa•eam, not only was stocking crf brook, brown and rainbow u-outhalted, but "trophy" fishing re}ntlations were applied: nvo fish per day, 14-inch mini- mum length, and artificial lures onh~. Trout abundance began increasing, and this has continued through the latest year sampled, 1991. In Cedar Run, a much less fertile non-limestone stream, where the u-ophv regulations were alai applied, trout abundance more than mainrtined itself after the halt to stoc•k- ing. At Honey Creek, glower-gradient, fertile limestone sn-eam, where state- wide (non-trophy] regulations nclud- ittg bait fishing apply, abundance also increased after stocking stopped. The rise w•~ts about as much percentage-wise as at Fishing Creek, fiat started from a lower pre-wild-trout-management base and did not reach the high absolute levels of thc• other nvo strrr:ams. But anglers don't fish fir biomass f~rr .rP. They fish for size of fish. In that regard, a graph of the biomass density (weight per unit of su•eam length) in the various size groups that exist in the Fishing (:reek brown u-out population depict, what the anglers have available to them (Fi},nu'e ~). By the summers crf 1990 itnd 1991, there was much more fish mass available in all parts of the 10- to-finch (~5(~350 millimeter) range than in 1978 and 1982, I~efore stocking was halted and trophy regulations air plied. In Fishing (:reek, notonly did the numbers of ovt:r-l2-inch fish more than double, hot greatly increased numbers ofsmall trout indicated more successful reproduction (Figtn•e ti). Pennsylv.utia's su-eant-tailored wild trout management is producing more trout and larger trout without the high cost of stocking. ~~17rat more could the angler vvan[% `ti'hat more could the eccr nomics-conscious manager, adminisu'a- tor, governor, legislator or citizen want? In the last 1~ to 20 years, manage- ment geared toward wild fish has in- creased in much of the United States, as public and professional ecological lit- eracy has exploded. Many states are increasingly selective about u-here they stock [ish and are establishing non-stock- ing policies for certain kinds of waters. Among these, besides Pennsybania, are Nevv York, Alarylancl, North Carolina, Michigan, Wisconsin, and most states west of the ]Mississippi that have su~- stantial salmonid resources. For example, Michigan's trout stock- ing policy has long tttkc•n into account the capability ofstreams to support natu- ral reproduction, and state biologists propose new fishing regulations in 1993. The proposals continue the trend of official recognition that anglers gener- alh•prefer tocatch large fish and keep a few of them, rather than take home lots of little ones. 1Nisconsin has done the same in a more complex scheme, by which stock- ingand fishing regulations are fitted to streams that are classified according to capacities to produce. trout of different species and sizes. So that anglers can catch more fish and bigger fish, ~1'is- consin regulations now often embody relatively high size limits and love creel limits (and long seasons) that would have been unthinkable 30 years ago, h1 addition, its policy of restoring habitat by streamside land acquisition, fencing, and judicious physi- calimprovements has turned hunch-eds of once over- war grazed, mud-banked, silt-bot- tomed streams~ften hardh worth fishing-into superb, lushly vegetated produces of self-sustaining wild trout I know this from biologists' data and from personal, on-site experience. Montana increasingly fought to pro- sect its streams from damming, mining, grazing and other habitat abuse in the 1960s and 1970x. So as to best. use this valued resource, it has long adapted its trout fishing regtdatirms to regional and individual characteristics of streams, in addition to haying an all-stream rwn- stocking policy since 1976. In Canada, the wild a"out principles of Alberta, Ontario and British Colum- bia are well knower anti may indicate similar advances in other provinces. TOWARD TRUE MANAGEMENT In the face of traditions to the con- trary after human nature in general, putting wild fish policies and other eco- logical fishery management into action hasn't happened overnight. It's still hap- pening slowly. But the last. two or three decades have shown accelerating progress. Often, as Robert Behnke has pointed out, the advances in salmonid fishery management have been conceived and initiated by anglers and lovver~chelotr biologists, not by admini- strators, Sometimes progressive action doesn't occur until crisis convinces people of the need-by which time it may be, of course, almost too late and more a matter of'salvage and catch-up than advance. One of the crisis-recogni- tion mechanisms h<ts been the Endan- geredSpeciesAct (F.SA).It'salast{litch alarm that things are badly amiss, and it is proving useful in halting natural re- source abuse. But foresight and pro- action remain far preferable to hung on the cliff-edge of the law. Increased awareness of the need to get away from hatchery-driven fishery programs and adopt ecological man- agement is embodied in many official efforts now underway. Besides the wild We need to involve people in the joys of fishing for wild trout, salmon and grnyling in natural ers. People inherently treasure natural beouty and have a sense of owe at Nature. salmonid habitat protection and recto- ration policies and programs of state and federal agencies in the ~'nited States, there arc such Canadian ef~torts as a "Green Program" for restoring pro- ductivity of fire Fraser Kiver in British Columbia and a distinct watershed ori- entation to various prom ams in Ontario. We ^eed to be ecologically smart in management But this alone won't get tts desired abundances of fish or pre- sent extinctions. Also essential is politi- ALiTtibi\ 1941 'PROUT