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7/14/2009 5:02:29 PM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
7092
Author
Eisler, R.
Title
Arsenic Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates
USFW Year
1988.
USFW - Doc Type
A Synoptic Review.
Copyright Material
NO
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during the log growth phase--presumably as an essential trace -Tytrient. The <br />arsenate reduction rate per cell was estimated to be 75 X 10 mg As/minute <br />(Johnson 1972). <br />The ability of marine phytoplankton to accumulate high concentrations of <br />inorganic arsenicals and transform them to methylated arsenicals that are <br />later efficiently transferred in the food chain is well documented (Irgolic et <br />al. 1977; Benson 1984; Matsuto et al. 1984; Freeman 1985; Froelich et al. <br />1985; Maeda et al. 1985; Norin et al. 1985; Sanders 1985; Yamaoka and Takimura <br />1986). Algae constitute an important source of organoarsenic compounds in <br />marine food webs. In the food chain composed of the alga Dunaliella marina, <br />the grazing shrimp Artemia salina, and the carnivorous shrimp Lysmata <br />seticaudata, organic forms of arsenic were derived from in vivo synthesis by <br />Dunaliella and efficiently transferred, without magnification, along the food <br />chain (Wrench et al. 1979). Laboratory studies with five species of <br />euryhaline algae grown in freshwater, or seawater, showed that all species <br />synthesized f?i solubl?5 and water soluble arseno-organic compounds from <br />inorganic As and As . The BCF values in the five species examined ranged <br />from 20OX to about 3,000X--accumulations being highest in lipid phases (Lunde <br />1973). In Charlotte Harbor, Florida, a region that has become <br />phosphate-enriched due to agricultural activity, virtually all of the arsenic <br />taken up by phytoplankters was biomethylated and returned to the estuary, <br />usually as monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsenic acids (Froelich et al. <br />1985). The ability of marine phytoplankton to methylate arsenic and release <br />the products to a surrounding environment varies between species and even <br />within a particular species in relation to their possession of necessary <br />methylating enzymes (Sanders 1985). The processes involved in detoxifying <br />arsenate after its absorption by phytoplankton are not firmly established, but <br />seem to be nearly identical in all plants, suggesting a similar evolutionary <br />development. Like phosphates and sulphates, arsenate may be fixed with ADP, <br />reduced to the arsonous level, and successfully methylated and adenosylated-- <br />ultimately producing the 5-dimethylarsenosoribosyl derivatives accumulating in <br />algae (Benson 1984). <br />Sodium arsenite has been used extensively as an herbicide for control of <br />mixed submerged aquatic vege?jtion in freshwater ponds and lakes; <br />concentrations of 1.5 to 3.8 mg As /1 have usually been effective and are <br />consideW safe for fish (NAS 1977). Recent data, however, have indicated <br />.that As concentrations considered effective for aquatic weed control may be <br />harmful to several species of freshwater teleosts, including bluegills, <br />,flagfish, fathead minnows, and rainbow trout (Table 4). Finfishes exposed to <br />1 to 2 mg total As/l for 2 to 3 days may show one or more of several signs: <br />hemorrhagic spheres on gills; fatty infiltration of liver; and necrosis of <br />heart, liver, and ovarian tissues (NRCC 1978). In green sunfish (Lepomis <br />cyanellus), hepatocyte changes parallel arsenic accumulations in the liver <br />(Sorensen et al. 1985). Organoarsenicals are usually eliminated rapidly by <br />fish and other aquatic fauna. Rainbow trout, for example, fed a marine diet <br />containing 15 mg organic arsenic/kg had only negligible tissue residues 6 to <br />55
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