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Since 1984 marked hatchery fish are stocked in areas where the wild run is known or strongly suspected (where definitive data are unavailable) to be underescaped. In these areas fishing regulations require the release of all unmarked fish.l There is mixing of wild and hatchery stocks and WDW estimates that 44 percent of the wild summer steelhead returning to the Kalama River are the direct offspring of naturally spawning hatchery fish. The WDW has also found that in the Kalama River, wild summer steelhead appear to be 8.6 times. as effective as hatchery fish in producing adult returnees (Leider et al. 1989). Survival rates for hatchery winter steelhead range from 16.9 percent for the 1984 brood year in the Quillayute-River to 0.21 percent for 1980 brood year in Cook Creek, tributary to the Quinault River. An average return rate for hatchery winter steelhead is 5.3 percent (based on data on smolt return rates for nine western Washington rivers). Salmon The Washington Department of Fisheries (WDF) manages most of the salmon runs in Washington. State salmon programs are developing guidelines that will give the supplementation programs management direction. These guidelines will allow WDF to document, plan, coordinate, and evaluate ongoing- and future activities. They are currently attempting a more focused evaluation on drainages managed as natural; i.e., Gray Harbor, Queets, Quillayute, Skagit, Snohomish, and Stillaguamish Rivers. Hatchery management programs are conducted by the state in South Puget Sound drainages. Most of these drainages are supplemented to meet higher salmon harvest rates, maximize seeding-and realize hatchery goals. -These programs are primarily operational with little or no evaluation. Harvest augmentation is a management goal in many of these programs. Within Washington, off station releases accounted for 22 percent of all releases by state and federal hatcheries in 1985 and 1986 (Anon. 1987a). This amounted to more than 154 million salmon, 60 percent coho, 26 percent chum, 13 percent fall chinook, and 0.4 percent spring chinook. In some instances where the chinook runs have declined they are utilizing hatchery fish in an effort to rebuild runs. Wild broodstock programs have been attempted with chinook and coho. WDF had problems with wild broodstock in hatchery- production situations. Wild coho broodstock 'James Nielsen, Washington Department of Wildlife, Olympia, Washington, pers. comm., August, 1990. 10