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Last modified
7/14/2009 5:02:35 PM
Creation date
5/17/2009 11:51:39 PM
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UCREFRP
UCREFRP Catalog Number
9411
Author
Williamson, J. H., D. C. Morizot and G. J. Carmichael.
Title
Biochemical Genetics of Endangered Colorado Pikeminoow from the Green, Yampa, Colorado, and San Juan Rivers.
USFW Year
1998.
USFW - Doc Type
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13 <br />' River-derived population. Though panmixia of all Colorado pikeminnow reproductive adults still appears <br />to be likely among river systems, distribution of rare alleles suggests that if any population genetic <br />differentiation exists, it is between the Colorado River and the Green River-Yampa River systems. <br />ImPlicationsfor genetic management.- In sum, without resorting to DNA-based technologies, the <br />information gleaned from allozyme variation is more than sufficient to identify population structure in the <br />' Colorado pikeminnow in rivers in the upper Colorado River basin. Management units comprising the <br />Colorado River and the Green River systems were identified by variable presence of uncommon alleles and <br />were selected for inclusion into captive breeding programs. Very large sample sizes will be required for <br />discrimination among allele frequency estimates to describe subpopulation genetic structure. Future <br />increases in sample size in the middle and upper Colorado River and middle Green will render more <br />information. <br />"Additional genetic studies are needed to determine statistical significance of differences in allele <br />frequency estimates among populations in an overall sample of Colorado pikeminnow. Future studies with <br />larger and more comprehensive dissection of allele frequencies into subpopulations may revise our results, <br />' but for the present, geographic variability in allele frequencies suggests populations with minimal or no <br />rare allele sharing, in agreement with the results of Ammerman and Morizot (1989). <br />We conclude that the null hypothesis (Ho:) tested, Colorado pikeminnow are genetically <br />homogeneous or panmictic, is suggested herein: 1) We identified genetic components and characterized the <br />species as presented in Tables 1-7 and the Appendices; 2) We defined genetic profiles for the proposed <br />management units of the Colorado River and the Green River (including the Yampa River); 3) We <br />' determined the genetic status of management units is that they are genetically similar, with no useful <br />genetic markers present. Only rare alleles potentially differentiate the management units; 4) We failed to <br />identify genetic markers for management purposes. No such markers exist within our nuclear DNA or <br />' biochemical genetics data sets; 5) We generated genetic data required to develop breeding strategies and <br />broodfish populations. Caution on the side of conservative management is recommended because the <br />habitat of the Colorado pikeminnow has been drastically altered. Panmixia might be of recent origin due to <br />restriction of spawning sites. Rare alleles might be relicts of previously well differentiated subpopulations. <br />In this study, it was likely that the populations were neither "completely panmictic" nor have "no admixture <br />or migration". The results suggest minimal differentiation, perhaps only of short temporal duration, but in <br />the off-chance that it's important to recovery of an endangered species, conservative management strategies <br />are called for. <br />Recommendations <br />Future examination would be well directed to combine the use of arbitrarily primed polymerise <br />' chain reaction (AP-PCR) or random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme mapping <br />(Kazianis et al. 1996). Such mapping in Xiohophorus species with the use DNA sequencing-style <br />acrylamide gels and carefully controlled conditions of amplification and silver staining allowed exceptional <br />resolution and reproducibility of up to 87 AP-PCR/RAPD markers (e.g. Naim et al 1996a; Naim et al. <br />1996b). <br />Three hatchery stocks should be developed in order to use as many existing hatchery-reared fish as <br />possible. We presume that the Yampa River DX=F2(91) year class derives from Yampa River fish <br />established as a 1974 broodstock; this conclusion should be verified by biopsies of Yampa River DX- <br />F,(74) and Yampa River DX-F2(91) populations to assess allele frequencies at all polymorphic loci, <br />including those expressed in-liver, muscle, fin, and other tissues. Additional wild fish collected from the <br />' Yampa River should periodically be incorporated into the current broodfish population. Two additional <br />populations should be established based upon determination of genotypes of wild fish for stock <br />establishment at all polymorphic loci: first, 20-50 fish from the Colorado River system should be <br />characterized to assure inclusion of rare GPI-2 *c and PEPS*B alleles into breeding stock; and second, 20- <br />50 fish from the Green River system should be genotyped from biopsied tissues to assure inclusion of rare
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