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<br />-..........-- <br /> <br />CONTENTS <br /> <br />Page <br /> <br />1. Introduction......................................................................... 1 <br /> <br />2. The first annual report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 <br />3. Determination of Ze-S relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 <br /> <br />3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3 <br /> <br />3.2 Optimization technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6 <br />4. Selection of range bins to compare with individual gages ..................................... 8 <br />4.1 Comparisons of array-average and single bin snowfall estimates ............................ 8 <br />4.2 Wind Advection Scheme ........................................................... 9 <br /> <br />5. SAA refinement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 <br /> <br />5.1 SAA refinement for Cleveland and Denver .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12 <br />5.2 SAA development for Albany ...................................................... 16 <br />5.3 SAA coefficient recommendations for Minneapolis ..................................... 19 <br />6. Snow depth prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 <br /> <br />6.1 Introduction .................................................................... 19 <br /> <br />6.2 Average values for snow density ................................,o................... 20 <br />6.3 Variations of snow density with temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 <br />6.4 Persistence of snow density ........................................................ 25 <br />6.5 Recommended approach for SAA density estimation .................................... 27 <br />7. Range underestimation ............................................................... 29 <br /> <br />7.1 Cleveland ...................................................................... 29 <br /> <br />7.2 Albany ........................................................................ 31 <br /> <br />8. SAA estimation of storm"total SWE accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 <br /> <br />9. Real-time SAA testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 <br /> <br />9.1 Adaptation of SAA to real-time environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 <br /> <br />9.2 On-site training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37 <br /> <br />9.3 Need for customized hybrid scans ................................................... 38 <br />9.4 Real-time test experiences and recommendations ....................................... 39 <br /> <br />10. Data partitioning ... _' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41 <br /> <br />11. Other climatological regions ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43 <br />12. Supplemental work .................................................................. 44 <br />13. Summary and recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 <br /> <br />14. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47 <br /> <br />APPENDIXES <br /> <br />Appendix <br /> <br />. ' <br />A Paper to be presented at the 28th conference on radar meteorology to be held in Austin, <br />Texas, September 7 -12, 1997 ................................................... 49 <br /> <br />B Program RADAR8.F ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53 <br /> <br />TABLES <br /> <br />Table <br /> <br />1 Variations in radar-estimatedsnowfall rate (inch h"l) for cr= 150 and 300 and fJ <br /> <br />between 1.7 and 2.3 ............................................................... 6 <br /> <br />2 R-values between hourly SWE from gage measurements and radar estimates from array averages <br />and single range bins, and R-values between array average and single bin SWE estimates. . . . . . . .. 9 <br /> <br />III <br />