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<br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />6 <br /> <br />7 <br /> <br />8 <br /> <br />9 <br />10 <br />11 <br /> <br />12 <br /> <br />13 <br /> <br />14 <br /> <br />15 <br /> <br />16 <br /> <br />17 <br />18 <br /> <br />19 <br /> <br />20 <br />21 <br /> <br />22 <br />23 <br /> <br />24 <br /> <br />FIGURES - Continued <br /> <br />Page <br /> <br />S accumulation over 6 hours for the KABR radar, Aberdeen, <br />South Dakota (at center) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19 <br />Bright band effects partly fill the radar beam and create spurious <br />enhancements of precipitation in the SAA that vary with range .......... 21 <br />Hourly VPRs with bright band at 50-krn range intervals (range increasing <br />to right, for altitudes 0-5 km above Minneapolis radar level . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22 <br />Hypothetical diagram of precipitation-typing logic of P AA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 <br />PPI-like presentation of virga echo from KMPX, Minneapolis, radar ........ 25 <br />Diagram of cumulative percentage of range bins exceeding a dB value <br />specified by color bar versus altitude above radar, for a typical <br />virga situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 <br />Schematic illustrating virga-testing cylindrical volume with default <br />100-km range and l.5-krn depth dimensions and variable names, <br />including radar beam geometries .................................. 26 <br />Operational gauge sites (in magenta) used for surface precipitation <br />measurements in P AA development ............................... 28 <br />SAA mosaic of 24-hour radar-estimated snow water equivalent <br />precipitation, ending 1200 UTC 1 October 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29 <br />Time-height diagrams of reflectivity, RH, and temperature from <br /> <br />top to bottom ................................................. 30 <br /> <br />Relationships of SAA (left panels) and PAA (right panels) radar estimates <br />divided by gauge readings (RIG) to range (a. and d.) and gauge readings <br />G (b. and d.) for 24 hours ending 1200 UTC 14 October 2000, KMVX, <br />Grand Forks and KDLH, Duluth radars only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 <br />SAA mosaic for ending time 1200 UTC 2 November 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32 <br />Time-height diagrams of reflectivity, RH, and temperature from <br /> <br />top to bottom ................................................. 33 <br /> <br />Relationships of SAA (left panels) and PAA (right panels) radar <br />estimates divided by gauge readings (RIG) to range (a. and c.) and <br />gauge readings G (b. and d.) for 24 hours ending 1200 UTC <br />2 November 2000, for seven radars (KGGW, KMBX, KMVX, <br />KUDX, KBIS, KDLH, KMPX) ................................... 34 <br />SAA mosaic for period ending 1200 UTC 6 November 2000 .............. 35 <br />Time-height diagrams of reflectivity, RH, and temperature from <br /> <br />top to bottom ................................................. 36 <br /> <br />SAA mosaic for period ending 1200 UTC 7 November 2000 .............. 37 <br />Time-height diagrams of reflectivity, RH, and temperature from <br /> <br />top to bottom ................................................. 38 <br /> <br />Relationships of SAA (left panels) and PAA (right panels) radar <br />estimates divided by gauge readings (RIG) to range (a. and c.) <br />and gauge readings G (b. and d.) for 48 hours ending <br />1200 UTC 7 November 2000, eight radars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 <br /> <br />IX <br />