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Last modified
7/28/2009 2:34:27 PM
Creation date
3/5/2008 2:26:04 PM
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Template:
Weather Modification
Title
Quantifying Ice Nucleation by Silver Iodide Aerosols
Date
5/1/1990
State
CO
Weather Modification - Doc Type
Report
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<br />xiv <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />5.15 Plot of experimental quantities measured during a dynamic 92 <br />cloud chamber expansion in which the contact-freezing <br />nucleation mode was anticipated to playa major role in ice <br />formation. The cumulative (solid line) and predicted <br />contact-freezing (dotted line) fractions nucleated by the <br />0.03~m AgI-AgCl aerosols injected before cloud formation <br />are indicated in the ice panel. <br /> <br />5.16 Compilation of DCC 15 s collection kernels versus T, 93 <br />calculated based on theory (0) and based on nucleation <br />rates observed in experiments (+). Data are from a <br />selection of experiments (as in Figure 5.15) in which cloud <br />was seeded before formation with 0.03~m (a) and 0.07~m (b) <br />AgI-AgCl aerosols. <br /> <br />5.17 Photographs of cloud droplets formed in the thermal 98 <br />gradient diffusion chamber for measurement of CCN activity. <br />Parts (a), (b), (c) and (d) are for water supersaturations <br />of 0.5, 1.2, l.9, and 2.7% respectively. Laser beam <br />3 <br />volume exposed is - 0.02 cm . <br /> <br />5.18 CCN supersaturation spectra for ammonium sulfate aerosols 101 <br />used as CCN for the dynamic cloud chamber experiments. Each <br />data point represents a single photograph in the TGDC. A <br />regression line using (5.5) to fit the data is also shown. <br /> <br />5.19 CCN supersaturation spectra measured by the TGDC method and 102 <br />regression fit to (5.5) for 0.03~m (a) and 0.07~m (b)"AgI- <br />AgCl-4NaCl aerosols. <br /> <br />5.20 As in Figure 5.19, but for AgI-AgCl aerosols. Also included 103 <br />are estimates of CCN activity using dynamic cloud chamber <br />expansions (O),in concert with numerical cloud model <br />estimates of S . Uncertainty in the latter estimates, <br />Brought about ~y the uncertainty in the average droplet <br />concentration nucleated, are indicated by brackets. <br /> <br />5.21 Particle size dependence formulated (from data) for CCN l07 <br />activity by AgI-AgCl-4NaC1 aerosols. <br /> <br />5.22 Experimental quantities measured in immersion freezing 109 <br />experiment for 0.07 ~m AgI-AgCl-4NaCl aerosols. Ice nucleus <br />aerosols were injected before cloud point in a <br />-3 <br />concentration of 215 cm , with no other CCN added. <br />Cumulative ice fractions nucleated (solid line) are also <br />presented after adjustment for the fraction of aerosols <br />immersed at any point (dotted line) . <br /> <br />5.23 Estimated contributions to F versus cloud temperature 110 <br />(cooling) of contact-freezing (CTF) and deposition (DEP) <br />nucleation, plotted with the cumulative signal adjusted for <br />these factors. Data are for the same experiment in Fig. 5.22. <br />
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