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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I hailfall) have often yielded inconclusive or inconsistent results. The National Academy of Science Workshop report (2000) includes the following recommendation for the future scientific directions for hail suppression research. At present the design of a randomized hail suppression experiment involving response variables measured at the ground (with the objective of substantiating a hail suppression effect) appears to be impractical. The required size of the instrumented target area and/or duration of such an experiment are prohibitively expensive. Scientific understanding sufficient to sharpen the focus of such an experiment, for example by forecasting the response variables, or to increase the efficacy of the seeding treatments, should precede any efforts to implement a randomized experiment. Consequently, hail suppression research should focus on the following: . Identification/confirmation of the primary hail growth zone, through in-cloud and remote sensing, and modeling; Establishment of hail embryo source regions and trajectories, through in-cloud and multiparameter radar measurements, and a heavy emphasis on modeling; Clarification of linkages between main cell and flanking line, for example, Doppler radar, tracers, and modeling; Development of techniques to follow the effects of seeding through the storm, by use of tracers, including gaseous tracers, radar chaff, chemical tagging of seeding agents, IN detectors, and possibly fluorescent beads, and modeling; Establishment of the observables to substantiate applicable suppression concepts (response variables), through in-cloud measurements, remote sensing (especially radar), and ground truth; Strengthening of models as a basis for testing seeding concepts and guiding field experiments, through refinement of existing rudimentary numerical models (predictive and analytical); Identification of linkages between hail and tornadoes, through radar signatures and modeling; Exploration of connections between hail development and storm electrification, through in-cloud measurements (microphysical and electrical), remote sensing by radar, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology lightning detection system, National Lightning Detection Network, and modeling; Requirements and methods for the placement and dispersion of seeding agents, through tracers, radar, and analytical modeling; and Quantification of seedability, concept-dependent, through radar, local soundings, and real-time modeling. . . . . . . . . . 9