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Figure 1: Map of the 10 operational seeding targets in Texas during the 2003 season. <br />Despite the funding limitations, the scientific accomplishments and insights obtained in this period of <br />reduced funding have been considerable, suggesting a large potential for major scientific <br />accomplishments in a different funding climate. The recent research accomplishments of relevance to <br />weather modification and funded in part by the State of Texas include: <br />-3 <br />1. Documentation in Texas and Argentina of supercooling of large quantities (1.5 to 4.0 gm) of cloud <br />water to near the point of homogeneous nucleation (-38C) (Rosenfeld and Woodley, 2000). <br />2. Successful model simulations of the cases of extreme supercooling (Khain et al., 2002), which has <br />vast ramifications for glaciogenic cloud seeding. <br />3. Identification of glaciogenic seeding signatures in Texas clouds using multi-spectral satellite imagery <br />(Woodley et al, 2001) <br />4. Evaluation of seeding effectiveness in the Texas operational cloud seeding programs using a new <br />method developed by Rosenfeld and Woodley (Woodley and Rosenfeld, 2003). <br />5. Documentation that smoke from grass and forest fires (Rosenfeld, 1999) and from industrial air <br />-3 <br />pollution (Rosenfeld, 2000), containing high concentrations (> 1,000 cm) of cloud condensation <br />nuclei (CCN) inhibits both coalescence and ice processes, leading to suppression of precipitation. <br />6. Documentation that the ingestion of evaporating sea spray by polluted clouds moving from land to <br />sea acts to enhance coalescence and rainfall that removes the pollution from the clouds (Rosenfeld, <br />2002). This natural hygroscopic seeding provides a strong basis for deliberate hygroscopic seeding. <br />Scientists have only scratched the surface of what must be known ultimately to have a viable, credible <br />and proven rain-augmentation technology to address the water needs of a region. Some of the remaining <br />questions and uncertainties have been addressed with the limited source of pass-through funding from <br />the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The findings are documented in this report. <br />9 <br />