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<br />The ZLD pilot plant study will evaluate two RO <br />membrane based technologies to concentrate the <br />residual stream from a typical municipal brackish <br />water RO system. The first technology, called VSEP, <br />uses vibrations at the face of the RO membrane to <br />prevent mineral scales from forming on the <br />membrane, and subsequently preventing the flow of <br />water through the membrane (Figure 1). The second <br />technology uses high pressure seawater RO <br />membranes to reduce the volume of the <br />concentrate, and uses ion exchange to remove ions <br />that would form mineral scales on the membrane <br />face (Figure 2). <br /> <br />The high recovery RO process proposed for the pilot <br />test uses standard commercial RO components, but <br />removes scale forming minerals from the feedwater <br />to the high recovery RO system. This system does <br />not utilize proprietary mechanical equipment, so it <br />very similar to the operation of a low pressure RO <br />system except for the high pressure feedwater <br />pump. The high recovery RO pilot test will use <br />standard commercial 4-inch diameter seawater RO <br />modules and pressure vessels, and are <br />representative of the performance expected for a <br />full-scale system using 8-inch diameter membranes <br />and pressure vessel. <br /> <br /> <br />Fiaure 1 <br />Brine Concentration Pilot Study using VSEP TM and Spray Dryer or Passive Solar Evaporation <br /> <br /> <br />Fiaure 2 <br />Brine Concentration using High Recovery RO and Spray Dryer or Passive Solar Evaporation <br />