|
<br />courts or Texas II< '" or that, In the end, there must be It trial of physical
<br />strength between tho Govel'l1mcllt of the UniOll und Texas."
<br />1'he court decided that:, inasmuch as the State and the UlJited States <li<lllot
<br />settle their controversy by compact, the Supreme Court lUlll the power to ueter-
<br />mine tile conLrov(,I's~' between Lhe United SLates Rnc1 the State.
<br />The right to seUle by compact proceeds upon Ule sovel'ejgnt.y of the State find
<br />thc SOvcl'cignt,}' of the NnUon. As stated regarding anothcr matter, "It Is a
<br />watter between two sovereign powers." (U. S. -v. La., 127 U. ~., 182, 189.)
<br />The following Cjllotatioll1:i bear upon this general subject of power nnel sepa~
<br />rate1:iovereignty :
<br />.. The powers not dch~gated to t.he United States by tlH~ Constitution, nor
<br />prall biled by it II) lhe Stutes, are reserved to the :::5tates, respectively, or to the
<br />pet)ple." (CIJllslillltion of Hnited Stntc~, t('lIth alllemlmellt.)
<br />"It lIll1"t be rc('oll€:clecl that vrevlo11s to the fUt'llUltiOll of the new Constitu-
<br />tion we wel'e (livided inlo inul'pendent Stutes, united fol' some lmrpm::es, but
<br />in most respects snvel'cig-n," (Chief JusLicC'. Murshnll ill Slut'ges 11. Cl'ownhl-
<br />shield, 'I \Vlleat., 122, 192,)
<br />"HefereilC(~ has been n,HHlc to thE' political situation o.r these States, ante-
<br />rior to lls (Collstitlltion) Ionnution. It" Ims been ~fdel that they were ~over.
<br />ei.:;n, were complrlcly inclepelldellt, :lllU werc:: connected with each other only
<br />hy u league. '.1'11[.') is t.J'ue." (Chief Juslice Mfl.l'~hnll in Gibbous 'v. Ogden,
<br />9 Wherlt., I, 187).
<br />"The United Slutes arc sovereign as to all the powers IJf Government
<br />a<.:luall.Y slllTendcl'I'el. lDach State ill the Union is sovcrpign as to a.ll the
<br />puwcrs reserved, It Ill1l8t necessarily be so, because the United States have
<br />no clailLl to any authorIty but sllcll as the States have surrendered t.o them.
<br />Of COurse, the part not sUlTeJlderell must remain us it (lid bcfore." (Chisholm
<br />v, Georgia, 2 Dall., ,119, 43(i.)
<br />"In l\meri('a (lie powers of sovereignty are elivicled bet.ween the GOVf:'1'Il-
<br />ltient of tile Uniol\ und LllOse of the States. They are e:lch sovereign with
<br />respect \:0 the oll,it'ds cOlllmittec1 to it, l\Hd neither sov€'n~igll with respect t.o the
<br />Objects committcd Lo the otller." (Chief Justice Marf'll1ull in McCulloch v.
<br />l'r1:lrylall<1, 4 Wh('nl., 310, 410.)
<br />"Under (lH-~ AI'1.if'Jes of Confe<le1'lltioll each Stale rehlined ils sovereignty,
<br />freedom, antI inekpenuence, and every power, ,1ul'isdiction, and l'ight not ex-
<br />pressl~' delegatee] to the United States, Under the Constitution, though t.he
<br />powers or the Stales were Illll(:h restricted, r.;till nllf10Wel'S not delegated to t.be
<br />(Jnited States, nor prohibited to the Slo.tes, are res€'rved La the Stutes, respec-
<br />ti\'ely, (II' {rJ thc pl~ople. And we have alrendy hnd occasion to remmk at this
<br />tel'1I1, that. ' the jJcople of ~uch State compose R State, havinG' its own govern~
<br />lJIent and enclow(~d with 0.11 the functions essential to sepurate. anti independent
<br />existe.nce,' nnd Llw!' l without the Statcs in union there coulc] be no such politi-
<br />('nI botly as t.he 1Juiled Slates.' Not only therefore can thcre be no loss of
<br />'1f'parate aml ill(lt~lIt']HJent. autonomy to t.he States through tl1eir Union under
<br />the Constitution, bllt It may be not unreasonably said that the preservation
<br />J[ tl\(~ States a.nd the maint.enance of their goVel'llllleuts are as much witbin the
<br />n('~ign II nd care of t.he Constil uliou as the preservation of the Union flnd the
<br />Llw.inten:1HC'C of Lh~' Nationnl Government. The Constitntion, ill all its pl'ovi-
<br />"ions, looJ:::.s to all illclcstrllctihle Union, composed of in(le!';tructihle Stutes."
<br />(Chief .Iustice Cllase In ~rcxas v. White, 7 Wallace, 700, 72G, decided in 1863.)
<br />"The Gl~nel'ol (loVel'llmellL, :ltul the States, although both exist within the
<br />Sl\llle tel'l'itorjul limits, rll'e separale fllul (li~tilJct sovereigntics" actin!; sepu-
<br />rntely amI in(]epClltlcnLly or cacll other, within t.heir respective spheres. The
<br />(ormer ill its nppl'oprinte spheJ'c if'! supreme; hut the States within the limits
<br />~f their powers Hot gran led, or, in the langunge of the tenth amendment,
<br />j reserv(!ll," nre flS imlepclHlellt. of the Gencl'nl Government as thflt Government
<br />within its sphere i.<l incleprmnent of. the States." (Mr. Justice Nelsou in Col-
<br />lector v. Day, J J "\-VaUnce, ]13, 124, decided in 1870.)
<br />II We. haVE:! III this Repuhlic a dual system of g-overnmeut, tlntiol1nl amI
<br />Slate, efleh opemling wlthin the same telTitory find upon the same persoDR';
<br />lnd yd worJ{\ng wllhout cnHision, becnuse 1:heir functions are different.
<br />rh(~re are r.crtnlu matters over which the Nationnl Government hns absolute
<br />~ontrol Hml uo llction of the Stale can interfere tbf!rewith, and there are
<br />)then: in which the Statc Is supreme, and in respect to them the National
<br />]overllment is POWt~I']es!';, '1'0 preserve the even balance between the~ two Gov~
<br />~romellls and hahl eHch ln its se.parate spllere is tile p~clllil\l' duty of all
<br />~Olll'ts, vr<>clllincnlly of this-a d.tlt~, .:;>fteutimes of great delicacy nod (liffi-
<br />:lIlty." (Mr. JlIsLi\~f.' Brewer in South Curoliufl v. United Stales, 109 United
<br />5tates, 'J37, 448, decided is HJOt).)
<br />
|