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<br />001505
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<br />levels. Figures publ ished by the United States Department of Agr iculture
<br />(1957) report costs in Oregon of $1 to $1. 25 per animal.unit.month, with
<br />a round trip haul of 8 to 15 miles. On the Fish Lake Natio,I)al Forest, area
<br />of Utah the costs varied from $1. 21 to $1. 39 per animal-unit-month, with
<br />a round trip haul that averaged:57 miles over rough terrain with average
<br />grades of 5 percent and short pitches of 12 percent. These costs are from
<br />two to five times', greater than the grazing costs per animal-unit-month on
<br />Forest Service or Bu reau of Land Management lands and 'give an idea of
<br />the value of range water when it cannot be supplied by other means.
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<br />A general summary of suggested methods for supplying stock
<br />water other than by stock ponds is shown in the following tabulation:
<br />
<br />Area of u~e
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<br />Summary of methods of supplying range stock water
<br />
<br />Source of water
<br />
<br />Perennial
<br />streams
<br />
<br />Ephemeral
<br />streams
<br />
<br />Springs
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<br />Str eams,
<br />springs and
<br />wells pro-
<br />vided supply
<br />is ample for
<br />needs
<br />
<br />Type of development
<br />
<br />Direct use by stock
<br />
<br />Requires stock ponds
<br />which may be either on
<br />the stream or at offsite
<br />locations.
<br />
<br />Usually collection facili-
<br />ties such as collection
<br />boxes or drains are
<br />required. May be nec-
<br />essary to salvage water
<br />from plants through low-
<br />er ing of water table or
<br />destruction of plants.
<br />
<br />Transport by,pipeHne.
<br />Lower cost for plastic
<br />pipelines has greatly
<br />expanded the pos s ib ili-
<br />ties of using this method
<br />of supplying range water.
<br />Troughs are required.
<br />
<br />14
<br />
<br />Area of use limited due to
<br />scarcity of occurrence on
<br />range lands and to inacces-
<br />sibility because of land
<br />ownership, Or location of
<br />str eam in deep canyons.
<br />
<br />Most favorable locations
<br />are on streams which flow
<br />from snowmelt.
<br />
<br />Use may be near spring
<br />area or water,miiybe
<br />piped Or hauled to distant
<br />location. Su itable throughs
<br />and possibly storage tanks
<br />are es s entia1.
<br />
<br />General practice is to dis-
<br />tribute by gravity flow
<br />from source, but direct
<br />pumping from source to
<br />higher elevation for grav-
<br />ity distribution may be
<br />feas ible.
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