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<br /> <br />iv <br /> <br />CONTENTS <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />Cammon errors and limitations.--Continued <br />Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Types of gages .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -Ill . <br />Exposure and spacing of gages ............. <br />Dependability of observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Sources of error w. . . . . . . . . . v . . . . <br />Improper exposure ,e..... II . . .., . e I . <br />Catch of snow . . .. ............. <br />Snow density . . . . . . . e, ..... Q . . <br />Minimal amounts of precipitation ... . . . . . <br />Unnoted change in location of station ..... <br />Recording gages atr~mote stations .., . . . . <br />Hours of obaerv:ations . . . . . . . . . . I . . <br />Consistency of records .." . . II . It . . . . 0 . . <br />Use of data . " Ii e , if , . . . . . . . " , . . '" .. <br />Determining averages or normals . . . . . , . . , . . <br />Frequency analyses ..... ........,. II <br />Estimating missing records ......... . . . . <br />Statistical analyses ." . . . . . . . III .. . . . . . <br />Early published data ... .... (I II . . . . . . <br />SnOW measurements . . . . . . . . . . e , . .. .. II . . . <br />Types of conventional observations. . ....... <br />Snow courses ....... ........... II <br />Aerial markers and surveys .. .... .." (I . <br />Snowboards ........ ...... iii , . . . . <br />Selection of sites ... . . . .. .......... <br />Sources of error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Errors of observation or technique ..... . . . . <br />Defective equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Consistency of records . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Stability of site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Changs in location and in number of sampling points .. <br />Dsnsity estimates for aerial-marker observations .. <br />Teats for consistencY' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... <br />. Use of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br />Recent innovations in instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . <br />Selected references . e , . . j . . . Q . . . ~ . I 8 . 8 <br />Evaporation . II . II II " 1I " . II . It . . 1I . 1I V 1I 1I . . . . . <br />Introduction 1I . 1I . . . . 1I . 1I 8 . II . II . II . . I II II <br />Methods of aetermination . . . . . . .. ....... <br />Water budget . . . . II . . II . . . II . . . . I . . . <br />Energy budget . . . . . . . . . II II . . . II . '.' .'. <br />Mass-transfer or aerodynamio ............ <br />.Combination of aerodynamic and energy-budget <br />theories . . . . . II . CI . . . . . '0 . " . . . . . <br />Pan coefficients .................. <br />Variation of evaporation with altitude. . . . . . . . . . <br />References cited . . . I .' I, I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <br /> <br />.Pags <br /> <br />25 <br />25 <br />25 <br />26 <br />26 <br />26 <br />26 <br />27 <br />27 <br />27 <br />27 <br />27 <br />26 <br />29 <br />29 <br />30 <br />30 <br />30 <br />30 <br />31 <br />31 <br />31 <br />31 <br />32 <br />32 <br />34 <br />34 <br />36 <br />37 <br />37 <br />37 <br />37 <br />37 <br />36 <br />39 <br />40 <br />41 <br />42 <br />42 <br />42 <br />42 <br />44 <br />47. <br />49 <br />,0 <br />,3 <br />,3 <br />