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N CJ..) c..n ~, 44 [Vol. 53 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF rNTERNATIONAL LAW the two Governments."" Citing this, France contended that all possible limitations to its sovereign right to act as it chose must stem from the treaties, Referring to the article, the Tribunal answered: This text itself contains a reservation to the principle of territorial sovereignty. , .; some provisions of the Treaty [of Bayonne] and of the Acte Additionnel of 1866 declare the most important limita- tions; there can be other limitations. [Emphasis added; authors' translation.] 8. 2. France fnrther contended that the limitations to its sovereign right to dispose freely of the waters of its international rivers and lakes must be strictly construed because they were in derogation of sovereignty, The Tribunal concluded: . . . it has been argued before this Tribunal that these limitations must be strictly construed beeause they are in derogation of sov- ereignty. The Tribunal is not able to countenance such an absolute formula. Territorial sovereignty plays the part of a presumption. 85 Art. 8 of tl:1.e Acta Additionnel of 1866 reads ,: "All stagnant and flowing waters, whether they are in the private or public domain, are subject to the sovereignty of the State in which they are located,. and therefore to that State's legislation, except for the modifications agreed UPQll between the two Governments. Flowing waters change jurisdiction at the moment wben they pass from one country to the other, and when the watercourses constitute a boundary, each State exercises its jurisdiction up to the middle of the flow." (Authors' translation.) . 86 Sentenoe at 33. A dwindling mino.rity o.f writers has maintained that internatio.nal law does no.t impose any abligations o.n riparian states desirous of using the waters of international rivers within their,' jurisdictions. The ECE Report, in its review af some thirty writers (at 51-68), nnds that nat more than three or four still take this position. A related' position j.s taken by Berber, op. cU. note 32 above, at 104, who nevertheless brands the doctrine of absolute territorial sovereignty as 'based upon an individualiBtie, anarchical conception' ol international law. For the majority view that co.-riparians are under mutual obligatio.ns not to. cause seriaus injuries ,to. each ather IS interests and are entitled to. share in the co.mmon waters on a reasonable basis, see the follo.wing: Brierly, The Law' of Nations 204-205 (5th ed., 1955); 1 Oppenheim, International Law 346-347 (8th ed" Lauterpacht, 1955) ; Bevette, op. oit. note 32 -above, at 209 et seq.; Bauaer-Hall, "L'utilisation industrielle des fleuves internationaux," in 83 Hagu'e Academy Recueil des COUtS 465-586 (-1953, II); Eagleto.n, "The Use of the Waters of International Rivers," 33 Canadian Bar Review 1021 (19'55); Andrassy, op. cit. note 32 above; Dept. af State Memorandum, note 20 above; Principles . . . American Committee, op. oit. note 21 above; Principles . . . Buenas Aires, op. cU. note 32 abave; Laylin, "The Uses of the Waters af Inter- national Rivers," in Principles . . . Dubrovnik, op. cU. note 32 above, at 1; 48th Conference of the Internatianal Law Asso.ciatio.n (New Yark, 1958), Resalutio.n an the Uses of the Waters of Intel'national Rivers. The Resolution adopted by reference the Repart of the Co.mmittee on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers, quated in part in note 41 below; see also p. 74 below. Leaning toward tJ;1e oppasite extreme that a riparian may do. nothing to affect a co~riparian without prior agreement are: Cardona, "El r6giroen jurldica de lo.s rios internacio.nales," 56 Revista de Derecha Internacio.nal 24 (La. Rabana, 1949); De Yanguas Messia, "EI aprovechamiento hidraeMctrico de lo.s rios internacionales. en las zonas franterizaa espaiialas," 1 Revista de la Faeultad de Derecho de, la' Universidad de Madrid 9 (1957) j Theiler, "Las rios, lagas y canales internacionales," in Principles . . . Buenas Aires, op. cit. note 32 above.